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Developmental Psychology Chapter 8
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- 1The sound patterns of a particular language and the rules for combining them.phonology
- 2A particular language’s system of meaning and the rules for conveying meaning.semantics
- 3The rules for forming sentences in a particular language.syntax
- 4The period before a child speaks his or her first words.prelinguistic stage
- 5Making repetitive vowel sounds, particularly the uuu sound; the behavior develops early in the prelinguistic period, when babies are between about 1 and 4 months of age.cooing
- 6The repetitive vocalizing of consonant-vowel combinations by an infant, typically beginning at about 6 months of age.babbling
- 7Sounds, signs, or symbols used to communicate meaning.expressive language
- 8Comprehension of spoken language.receptive language
- 9The use of words to apply only to specific objects, such as a child’s use of the word cup to refer only to one particular cup.underextension
- 10The inappropriate use of a word to designate an entire category of objects, such as when a child uses the word kitty to refer to all animate objects.overextension
- 11The ability to categorically link new words to real-world referents.fast-mapping
- 12As used in discussions of language development, an assumption that is presumed to be built-in or learned early (a ‘default option’) by which a child figures out what words refer to.contraints
- 13The assumption that every word has a different meaning, which leads a child to assume that two or more different words refer to different objects.principle of contrast
- 14A combination of a gesture and a single word that conveys more meaning than just the word alone; often seen and heard in children between 12 and 18 months old.holophrases
- 15Term used by Roger Brown to describe the earliest sentences created by most children, which sound a bit like telegrams because they include key nouns and verbs but generally omit all other words and grammatical inflections.telegraphic speech
- 16Young children’s applications of basic rules to irregular words.overregularization
- 17The rules for the use of language in communicative interaction, such as the rules for taking turns and the style of speech that is appropriate for different listeners.pragmatics
- 18The simplified, higher-pitched speech that adults use with infants and young children.infant-direction speech (IDS)
- 19The average number of meaningful units in a sentence. Each basic word is one meaningful unit, as is each inflection.mean length of utterance (MLU)
- 20Understanding of the rules governing the sounds of a language as well as knowledge of the connection between sounds and the way they are represented in written language.phonological awareness
- 21A strategy young children with good phonological awareness skills use when they write.invented spelling
- 22Planned, specific instruction in sound-letter correspondences.systematic and explicit phonics
- 23An approach to reading instruction that places more emphasis on the meaning of written language than on its structure.whole language approach
- 24School children who do not speak English well enough to function in English-only classes.English-language learners (ELLs)
- 25As practiced in the United States, a school program for students who are not proficient in English in which instruction in basic subject matter is given in the children’s native language during the first 2 or 3 years of schooling, with a gradual transition to full English instruction over several years.bilingual education
- 26An alternative to traditional bilingual education used in classrooms in which all children speak the same non-English native language. All basic instruction is in English, paced so that the children can comprehend, with the teacher translating only when absolutely necessary.structured immersion
- 27An alternative to bilingual education; children who are not proficient in English attend academic classes taught entirely in English but then spend several hours in a separate class to receive English language instruction.English-as-a-second-language (ESL)
- 28An approach to education of non-English–speaking students in which they are assigned to a classroom where instruction is given in English and are given no supplemental language assistance; also known as the ‘sink or swim’ approach.submersion
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- dev
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- kylie-jamieson · nov 2015
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- 19 feb 2016
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