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Identity
Fichas del conjunto (41)
- 1What are the elements of Self ConceptSelf image (the opinion or picture we have of ourselves); Ideal self (the person we want to be); and Self-esteem (how we feel about ourselves)
- 2What are the three parts of our self-image?intellectual, bodily, and emotional
- 3Definitions of Identity (Debate which I prefer)'The set of behavioural or personal characteristics by which an individual is recognised as a member of a group'
OR
'The distinct personality of an individual regarded as a persisting entity; individuality' - 4Why is self-image in a constant state of redefinitionBecause it consists of who you believe yourself to be and who you think others perceive you as.
- 5Where does our self-image come from?We learn our self-image through feedback in our INTERpersonal communications. We learn what is expected and imagine what others think of us due to our behaviour.
- 6Cooley's 'Looking-Glass' Theory (brief) Debate what I feel about thisOur self-image is shaped by how we think others perceive us.
- 7Cooley's 'Looking Glass' Theory How is the theory formed and who said this?1. We imagine how we appear to others
2. We imagine how others judge us on that appearance
3. we develop a self-image from those judgements
Yeung et Al (2003) - 8What is important to note about this theory?It is about how we perceive other people judge us on our behaviour - we can be wrong. We also need to be aware that we can respond wrongly to our perceived judgements.
This theory is very important for socialisation as we seek validation for our behaviour. - 9What are Argyle's four factors in developing and maintaining a self esteem1. Reactions of others (Dependent on their status and expertise)
2. Comparisons made with others (usually with people we associate with there fore tend to be realistic)
3. The roles we play (achieved vs. ascribed)
4. Identifications made with others (role models) - 10What is the difference between an achieved role and ascribed role and what do I feel like is more important to your self-image?Achieved are roles that require skill and merit to be given to us (captain of a football team)
Ascribed are roles that are given to us without any merit (sister) - 11What were to two theories of self-esteem and who created them?Roger - the gap between self-image and ideal self is the measure of self esteem
Coopersmith (1967) - a personal judgement of worthiness - 12What are the attributes of High self-esteem?- physical athleticism
- attractiveness
-extroverted
-achieved roles
or
a lot of socially valuable attributes and the respect of others - 13What is the Pygmalion Effect?Positive feedback can be incredibly beneficial and help change our attitude, behaviour, and perception of ourselves.
- 14What is the self-fulfilling prophecy?It can either be a vicious or beneficial cycle. We hear feedback before the task and while doing the task we either fail or succeed according to that feedback. This feedback can be from ourselves or other people.
- 15Explore what you think the self-image of sufferers of eating disorders are like?They will likely of based their ideal-self on the perfect images seen in media. Through Cooley's looking glass they likely perceive people being disappointed with how they look and which causes them to try and change how they look. Because their ideal self is not achievable their self-esteem is likely to be low.
- 16What is self-disclosureThe act of sharing information about yourself to others.
- 17Why is self-disclosure important for relationships to develop.By sharing important parts of your identity to people it allows them to bond and share parts of their identity with you. It also allows you to openly talk about private thoughts and you are able to find out their true judgements which effects your looking glass.
- 18What is the Johari Window model a model of?intrapersonal awareness and relationships.
OR
the disclosure/feedback model of self-awareness - 19Four regions of the window1. Open area - what is known to the person and others
2. Blind area - what is unknown to the person but others know
3. Hidden area- what is unknown to others but the person knows
4. Unknown - unknown to everyone - 20- How to reduce blind area - How to reduce hidden area - How to reduce unknown area- feedback
- self-disclosure
- shared discovery, self discovery, other's observation - 21What is the window like for a new member of an existing team- Open region is small as they are new
- Blind region is small as they have not been given feedback
- Hidden is large as they have not self-disclosed
- Unknown is the largest as they lack in knowledge of the inner workings of the team - 22What is the window like for a member of an established team?- Open area is largest because they are spent a lot of time around the team and the other areas have reduced due to disclosure and receiving feedback
- 23Why might we want to change our self-image and according to who is this the reason?Burton and Dimbleby (1995) - to win the approval of others or to cope with changes forced upon us
- 24What is cognitive dissonance?Sometimes our self-image is at odds with other's/societies expectations of us or we might find that attitudes, values, and beliefs are inconsistent with our experiences.
- 25What does this do to us?This could cause us to change our-self image or we might avoid changing.
We either go through Radley's change model or we come up with self-maintenance statergies. - 26Radley's three part change model?1. Visualising what the changed self will be like
2. Act in this role experimentally
3. Finally changing into the new role - 27Who created a range of self-maintenance strategies?Gergen and Gergen in 1981
- 28What are Gergen and Gergens' self-maintenance strategies?- Biased attention (noticing messages that confirm what we believe)
- Biased interpretation (making sense of information in a way that benefits us)
- Selective affliation (mixing with people likely to confirm our self-image)
-Selective presentation (presenting ourselves in a way that encourages the desired feedback)
- discredit the source (forming a low opinion of people who go against our self-image)
- Denial (ignoring feedback given completely)
- Self-handicapping (leaving little room for ourselves to change naturally) - 29What is self-presentation?Argyle (1983) - behaviours designed to create an impression for others
- 30What are the six aspects of self-presentation and who created them?Goffman created them.
- Persona
- Performance
- Staging
- Teams
- Role
- Personal Style - 31What is Persona according to Goffman?Persona are the various personality 'masks' we might wear when undertaking certain role. These personae are encouraged by the context they were created for although we are not bound to them.
Generally we have several personae and we select the one that we feel most suits the situation. - 32What is performance according to Goffman?Performance refers to the different ways in which the personae can be worn. It also describes the degree of how sincere we act.
- 33What is the Sincere Cynical scale?The sincere end is when we are mostly acting like ourselves as possible. Burton and Dimbleby believe we are closer to the sincere end most of the time.
The cynical end is when we put on a show to fulfil the demands of the situation. The persona used is disconnected from the self and we deal with the audiences needs over our own. - 34What is staging according to Goffman?Staging describes the physical locations, props, and costume. It describes the context.
- 35What are teams according to Goffman?Teams are the company we keep. They range from structured sets of people to random people we pass. Recurring teams will be teams that we choose.
- 36What are roles according to Goffman?Role are the parts that we play. We move from role to role across a day.
- 37What is personal style according to Goffman?This gives coherence to self-presentation. Without personal style (or is this is underdeveloped) performance has no fluidity. This is a synoptic element as it unites the others.
- 38What are the pros and cons of online communications?Pro: able to be more sincre as there is little chance of your actions coming back to you
Con: Communication is less effective as there is no tone. You could play the wrong role for the situation
Con/Pro: the online community involves teams we would not normally associate with. This can be detrimental to our identity but could also be positive. - 39What is socialisation?The process whereby we become inducted or initiated into society. An individual learns the culture of their group. Through this we gain a cultural identity.
- 40What is the difference between sex and gender?Sex is biologically determined and gender is culturally constructed.
- 41Is socialisation a positive for society?Possibly. Socialisation causes a more harmonious society as a community will share the same core values. Socialisation can keep people lawful and good natures.
However, it is also dangerous as it can stop people from thinking for themselves and follow the current norm even if it is detrimental for themselves. Currently an issue with socialisation is how patriarchal norms are being pushed into children which forces strict gender roles and a disparity between the genders.
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- AS level (Identity) Communications and Culture Fichas sobre Identity , creado por Kashly Cash el 09/03/2017.
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- Kashly Cash
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