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Pilivain et al. (1969)- Bystander Behaviour
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- 1Piliavin et al. (1969) - Bystander Behaviour1964- Kitty Genovese fatally stabbed in NY.Police suggested 38 possible witnesses, but done nothing to help.
Lack of help due to 'Diffusion of responsibility'. - 2Aim & Research QuestionsTo find out whether diffusion of responsibility does apply in all situations, and what other factors might influence helping behaviour.
To study the factors affecting whether people would help a collapsed man on NY underground. - 3Research MethodField experiment
Independent measures design
IV's: Victim's responsibility (carrying cane or smell of alcohol)
Victim's race: black or white
Presence of model: whether male confed. close or distant, helped 70-150 secs.
Number of bystanders. - 4Research Method (2)DV: Time taken for first passenger to help.
Total number of passengers who helped. - 5SampleOpportunity sample: 4500 passengers in NY subway.
Average 43 per carriage.
45% black, 55% white
4 Experimenter: 2 (f)- observers, 1(m)-confederate (role model), 1(m)- victim. - 6ProcedureEach trial- 7.5 minutes
2 conditions: drunk condition- victim smelled of alcohol and carried bottle wrapped in brown paper bag.
cane condition- victim limping and carried a cane. - 7Procedure (2)4 men aged 24-29 dressed identically - role models of helping behaviour. Applied to both conditions.
70 secs after trained pulled out, victim staggered in, if not helped, model would step in after 70 or 150 secs. - 8Procedure (3)2 female observers recorded time it took for passengers to help as well as race, gender, and location of passengers in carriage.
Also recorded comments made in each condition. - 9ResultsCane victim received 95% help (62/65 trials)
Drunk victim received 50% help (19/38 trials)
Cane victim helped on average within secs.
Drunk victim helped on average within 109 secs. - 10Results (2)Only 24% of drunk victims helped before role model stepped in.
91% of cane victims helped before role model stepped in.
Black victims helped less quickly - especially in drunk condition. - 11Results (3)Neither race helped more.
Slight 'same race' effect - whites more likely to help white victims and blacks more likely to help black victims.
80% first helpers were male.
More passengers near victim, more likely help was given. - 12ConclusionTwo-factor Model:
1) emergency situation creates sense of empathy in bystander. Empathy increased if person feels sense of identity with victim, or physically close to victim.
Arousal reduced by helping directly or indirectly. - 13Conclusion (2)2) Helping behaviour is determined by cost-reward calculation. If possible costs are greater than possible rewards, help is less likely to be given.
- 14EvaluationField experiment- high ecological validity due to real life setting - difficult to control extraneous variables.
Collected both quantitative and qualitative data. - 15Evaluation (2)Ethical issues: Harm and distress- people observing may feel anxious or guilty.
Consent- passengers didn't give consent to taking part in experiment.
Deception- deceived by collapsed actor, not informed later that actor was ok. - 16Evaluation (3)Withdrawal- passengers not able to ask to have data removed as they didn't know about the experiment.
Debriefing- passengers were not debriefed.
Internal reliability poor as in natural setting. - 17Evaluation (4)Also passengers may have taken part more than once if they travel same route regularly.
Opportunity sampling- unlikely to be representative.
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- ALEVEL PSYCHOLOGY Fichas sobre Pilivain et al. (1969)- Bystander Behaviour, creado por Dhara Bechra el 09/04/2017.
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