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Waste Disposal
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- 1What is getting rid of solid waste, which is mainly undigested food, called?Egestion.
- 2What is excretion?The process of getting rid of waste products made by body processes, for example, urea and carbon dioxide.
- 3What substances need to be excreted from your body?Urea.
Sweat.
Carbon dioxide.
Faeces.
Heat energy. - 4When is urea produced and how is it removed?Produced when excess amino acids are broken down in the liver. Urea is removed by the kidneys and transferred to the bladder before it is released.
- 5How is sweat excreted?By sweat glands onto the surface of the skin. The water then evaporates, which cools the skin.
- 6What is contained in sweat?Water and salt.
- 7What is contained in faeces?Dead/worn out red blood cells.
Fibre - cellulose. - 8How s carbon dioxide produced and removed?Produced by respiration. Removed by lungs when breathe out.
- 9What happens if there are high levels of carbon dioxide in your blood?It is detected by the brain and the breathing rate increases to remove more carbon dioxide. It can be toxic if in high levels.
- 10What is the job of the kidneys?To excrete urea, water and salt.
- 11What is the amount and concentration of urine made in the kidneys influenced by?The temperature of environment.
How much water has been consumed and lost as sweat by body.
Amount of exercise undertaken. - 12What is the overall name for the main structures connected with a kidney?Gross structure of the kidney.
- 13What do kidneys contain millions of?Tiny renal tubules, which are all very close to blood capillaries.
- 14What are the 2 main blood vessels that go to the kidneys?Aorta attached to the renal artery.
Inferior vena cava attached to the renal vein. - 15What does the renal artery do?Takes blood to the kidneys.
- 16What does the renal vein do?Takes blood away from kidneys.
- 17What does the ureter do?Takes urea to the bladder.
- 18What are the 4 main components that make up the inside of a kidney?Cortex.
Medulla.
Renal pelvis.
Nephron (kidney tubules). - 19Why does the kidney filter blood at a high pressure?To separate the small soluble molecules such as glucose, urea and a certain amount of water. These substances are found in the nephron.
- 20To ensure that only waste products are removed, what do the kidneys do?Useful molecules are re-absorbed back into blood, such as glucose, water and fatty acids.
- 21How is the amount of urine produced affected by how much a person drinks and sweats?Drink a lot of water; produce a lot of pale dilute urine.
Don't drink enough water, or water lost via sweating; small amount of concentrated urine produced. - 22How do the kidneys keep the body's water content in balance?By maintaining a constant water concentration in the plasma.
- 23What are the tiny filtering units contained in the kidneys called?Nephrons (or kidney tubules).
- 24What 3 functions occur in order along the nephron?1) Ultrafiltration.
2) Selective reabsorption.
3) Regulation of water and salt. - 25What blood goes into and out of the nephron?Blood from renal artery goes into nephron.
Blood to renal vein comes out of nephron. - 26What are the 4 structural features to the nephron?Bowman's capsule.
Convulated tubule.
Loop of Henle.
Collecting duct. - 27What is the blood capillary knot at the start of the nephron known as?Glomerulus.
- 28What happens at the first stage in the nephron, ultrafiltration?Takes place in glomerulus and bowman's capsule.
Small molecules, such as amino acids, urea, water, salts, glucose; forced out of blood under high pressure into tubules in the glomerulus and bowman's capsule.
Large molecules, such as blood cells and proteins; stay in blood. - 29What happens in the second stage in the nephron, Selective reabsorption?The useful substances, such as glucose, are reabsorbed into the blood from the convoluted tubule.
- 30What happens in the third stage in the nephron, Regulation of water and salt?Balancing of water and slat content of blood occurs here. (concentration gradient of salt and water gets more concentrated as you go down collecting duct for water and loop of Henle for salt). The resulting urine passes from the collecting duct to the ureter and then to the bladder.
- 31What is the amount of water re-absorbed by the kidneys controlled by?Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH).
- 32Where is ADH produced?By the pituitary gland in the brain.
- 33What is the control centre of the brain called?Hypothalamus.
- 34What does ADH directly affect?The permeability (to water) of the collecting duct.
- 35What does ADH increase?The permeability of kidney tubes.
- 36What is ADH an example of?Negative feedback.
- 37What is released when water content of body is low?ADH is released.
- 38How does ADH work if someone is dehydrated?Dehydrated - Decreased water potential of blood - Osmoreceptors cells in the hypothalamus lose water (shrink) - Stimulates nerve cells in hypothalamus - Increased ADH production by posterior pituitary gland - ADH carried in blood - ADH arrives at the collecting duct - More water taken back up into blood.
- 39How does ADH work if someone is overhydrated?Over hydration - Increased water potential of blood - Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus gains water (expands) - Stimulates nerve cells in the hypothalamus - decreased ADH production by posterior pituitary gland - Less ADH carried in blood - Less ADH arrives at collecting duct - Less water is taken back up into blood.
- 40What is the normal concentration of ADH?4
- 41What can diabetes cause in the kidneys?Damage to small blood vessels.
- 42How does diabetes cause diabetic kidney disease?Damages small blood vessels in kidneys. This process slowly destroys filters + causes problems due to build up of waste products in blood.
Filters start to leak out too much protein into urine; this can be first sign of diabetic kidney disease. - 43How could blood cells in urine be an indicator of kidney damage/disease?They should not be filtered out of the blood.
- 44How can proteins be an indicator of kidney damage/disease?Bacterial infection present in kidneys
- 45How can high blood pressure cause kidney damage/disease?It can break and destroy the nephron.
- 46What can kidney disease also be a result of (not mentioning one's already mentioned)?From infection, drugs and kidney stones, while some types may run in the family.
- 47What are kidney stones?They are salts that have solidified, causing a kidney stone.
- 48What are the 2 ways that kidney failure can be treated?Dialysis machine.
Kidney transplant. - 49What is a dialysis machine used for?Remove waste (urea) and excess fluid from the blood.
Maintain levels of sodium and glucose in the blood. - 50How does a dialysis machine work?Blood is collected from a vein in arm and runs into a dialysis machine where it comes into close contact with a selectively permeable membrane, which separates blood from dialysis fluid. Dialysis fluid has no urea in it, so waste is able to diffuse from blood into dialysis fluid, and sodium and glucose are replaced in blood.
- 51How many times must a person have these dialysis sessions?Treatment is required two to three times each week. Each session takes about 3 - 5 hours.
- 52What is the advantage of kidney dialysis?You don't have to have an operation.
- 53What are the disadvantages of kidney dialysis?Time consuming; affects lifestyle.
Scar tissue builds up, everywhere they put needle in.
Takes several hours in hospital - 3x a week.
Can make a person really tired.
Machines are expensive. - 54When would a kidney transplant be considered?Doctor may feel that your general health is good enough to stand up to the operation.
- 55Why do you need to take drugs after having a kidney transplant?To suppress immune system after surgery. This is needed to stop rejection of foreign tissue.
- 56What are the advantages of a kidney transplant?Doesn't affect lifestyle.
Once recovered from operation, in theory it is a permanent solution. - 57What are the disadvantages of a kidney transplant?Have to take immune system repressing drugs all life - more prone to illnesses.
Doesn't always work - kidney could be rejected.
Has to be a good tissue match needed for the donor kidney to reduce rejection.
Some religions do not allow transplants.
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- GCSE (B5) biology Fichas sobre Waste Disposal, creado por Rebecca Smith el 03/05/2017.
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- Rebecca Smith
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