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Key Individuals
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- 1Key Individuals- Supporters of the Weimar Republic (green)
- Opponents of the Weimar Republic (purple)
- Individuals that benefitted during Weimar Republic (orange)
- Supporters of the Nazis (light green)
- Opponents of the Nazis (red) - 2Feiedrich Ebert- active in SPD + elected in Reichstag 1912
- year later rose to President of SPD
- Became the first Chancellor in Nov 1918
- First President 1919 - 3General Groener- army admin. in WW!
- General Ludendorff fled to Sweden October 1918 after dismissal.
- Succeeded him as Quartermaster General + Deputy Chief of the General Staff - 4Philipp Scheidemann- popular, long-standing member of SPD
- he was in favour of a negotiated peace
- announced the birth of the New Republic (before the Kaiser officially abdicated)
- Chancellor of the first coalition from Feb to June 1919
- resigned in protest against harsh ToV terms - 5Gustav Bauer- SPD deputy 1912
appointed as Minister of Labour in cabinets of Prince Max + Ebert + Sheidemann
- Bauer became Chancellor after Sheidemann resigned in June 1920
- forced to resign after Kapp Putsch March 1920 - 6Joseph Writh- school teacher by profession
- entered politics as a member of the Centre Party
- becomes Minister of Finance 1920
- chancellor in 1921 - 7Wilhelm Cuno- lawyer + businessman
- no party allegiance
- many changes of coalition cabinets during this period
- Cuno was chosen as Chancellor because it was thought that his experience in business would help them economically - 8Hugo Stinnes- owner of a substantial businesses before 1923
- owned German -Luxemburg Mining Company and the Rhine-Westphalian Electric Company
- businesses provided security + using his political contacts he was able to raise large bank loans 1923
- purchase whole forests to supply lumber to mines
- built an empire = 150 newspapers and magazines + interests in railways, banks ect. - 9Karl Liebknecht- lawyer by profession
- committed Marxist > strong anti-war position in 1914 > imprisoned 1916 > released Nov 1918
- resumed political activity
- leading figure in the Spartacus League
- Spartacist Uprising Jan 1919 > captured by the Freikorps > tortured and shot > on the pretext that he was escaping - 10Rosa Luxemburg- long career in revolutionary politics in both Russia and Germany > involved in 1905 Russian Rev
- imprisoned in 1916 for her involvement in anti-war agitation > released Nov 1918
- resumed revolutionary activity
- leading figure in the Spartacus League
- Spartacist Uprising Jan 1919 - 11Gustav Noske- key role 1918 in persuading the mutinying the Kiel sailors to end their revolt
- appointed Defence Minister in new republican government
- responsible for using the army and Freikorps to suppress Spartacist + later left-wing
- forced to resign as MoD > pressure from trade union - 12General Walther von Luttwitz- army general
-in charge of Freikorps
-outspoken opponent of ToV
- driving force behind Kapp Putsch
-escaped to Hungary after failure of putsch - 13Wolfgang Kapp- monarchist
- 1919 elected to Reichstag for nationalist DNVP
- attempted a putsch 1920
- tried to set himself as chancellor
- after failure fled to Sweden - 14Hugo Haase- anti-war
- 1917 took leading role in forming breakaway USPD
- rev of Nov 1918 joined with Majority SPD in setting up new govt.
- resigned in Dec in protest at armed suppression of sailors' revolt in Berlin - 15Matthias Erzberger- supported Peace Resolution of 1917
- member of Prince Max's govt. 1918
- led german delegation to sign armistice
- signed ToV 1919
- Reich finance minister from June 1919 - March 1920
- carried out major reform of german tax system
- prime target for assassination - 16Walther Rathenau- 24 June 1922 Foreign Minister
- driving in open-top car when shot at by 4 Organisation Consul assassins + hurled a hand grenade
- his 'crimes' were; being Jewish, leading minister in govt
- participated in signing of armistice
- value of mark went down as other countries feared the repercussions - 17Gustav Stresemann- leader of DVP
- monarchist at heart
- came around to working with republican parties in Weimar
- became Chancellor in Grand Coalition 1923
- responsible for introducing new currency, ending hyperinflation
- forced to set down as Chancellor, Nov
- continued to serve as Foreign Minister 1923-1929 (death) - 18Hjalmar Schacht- director of National Bank 1916
- co-founder of DDP party Nov 1918
- 'financial genius' > role in stabling Ger currency
- 1923 became Reich Currency Commissioner + head of Reichsbank + intro Rentenmark
- helped negotiate Dawes/Young Plans
- Econ. Minister under Nazis (1934-37) but lost favour/removed from Reichsbank 1939 - 19Charles Dawes- American banker/politician
- worked with Stresemann to create Dawes plan + fix reparation issues
- him + Stresemann awarded Nobel Peace Prize 1925 - 20Owen D. Young- helped in the Young/Dawes Plan 1924
- 21Alfred Hugenberg- owned newspapers/film companies
- deputy in Reichstag, representing DNVP
- leader of DNVP 1928
- party became more extreme in hostility towards democratic govt.
- money/influence provided crucial support for campaign against Young Plan
- 1933 appointed Minister for Economics + Food for Nazis - 22Clara Zetkin- KPD member of Reichstag 1920-33
- active in SPD before 1914
- leading campaigner for women's rights > organised first International Women's Day 1911
- close friend of Rosa Lux.
- blamed capitalism for reducing women's status to breeders/housewives
- women would only be liberated by a socialist revolution - 23Marie Juchacz-long-standing member of the SPD + elected to National Assembly 1919
- first women to make a speech in any legislative body in Ger
- served as Reichstag deputy for SPD till 1933
- poor, rural background > left school at 14 to work
- became interested by politics due to her brother Otto Gohlke
- joined SPD 1908 > became one of the first female party members - 24Marianne Weber- intellectual/academic
- wife of Max Weber, a leading sociologist
- wrote several books on feminism
- active in the Ger women's suffrage before 1914
- 1919 joined DDP and was the first woman elected to state legislature in Baden
- 'it is our responsibility to infuse all life with our special mix of feminine and humane influence' - 25Paula Muller-Otfried- devout protestant and co-founder of the Ger Protestant Women's League
- very active in her church + in social work
- opposed women's suffrage > warning that voting rights would not improve women's lives
- member of DNVP > became Reichstag deputy 1920 cont. role till 1932 - 26Theodor Wolff- liberal journalist from wealthy Jewish family
- 1906 Mosse appointed him as editor of of liberal newspaper Berliner Tageblatt
1916 Wolff + newspaper came under attack for urging negotiated peace
- 1918 one of the founders of DDP
- stayed active/influential till 1933
- 1933 went into exile after Nazis burned his books
- 1934 arrested in Italy > sent to concentration camp > died - 27Kurt Eisner- journalist/ leading member of SPD in Bavaria
- 1917 joined breakaway USPD
- imprisoned for treason
- released Nov 1918 > led revolt in Bavaria > establishment of short-lived Bavarian Socialist Republic
- assassinated Munich 1919 by right-wing nationalist - 28Hermann Muller- SPD politician
- Foreign Minister 1919-1920
- Chancellor 1928
- as FM he was one of the ToV signatories
- rep for being calm, hard-working politician but lacked charisma - 29Ernst Thalmann- chairman of the communist KPD 1925
- been a member of SPD before 1914 but left 1917 due to support for war
- survived assassination attempt by a right-wing paramilitary group 1922
- one of the leaders of the Hamburg communist uprising 1923
- guided by Stalin after 1925
- SPD were their main enemies
- communist candidate in elections of 1925-1932
- 1933 arrested by Nazis > imprisoned in concentration camp > executed on Hitler's orders 1944 - 30Heinrich Bruning- financial expert
- leading member of Centre Party in Reich
- not held any ministerial office before becoming Chancellor 1930
- became longest continuously serving Chancellor
- controversial figure - 31Kurt von Schleicher- aristocratic army officer
- helped negotiate Ebert-Groener Pact + negotiations with USSR on building Ger factories in Russia
- 1926 political head of army
- part of Hindenburg's inner circle of advisers with Groener
- helped steer Hindenburg towards authoritarian style of govt.
- not Nazi but saw Nazi mass support as the most effective counterweight to SPD/KPD
- looked to ways to work with Hitler
- master of political intrigue + responsible for later bringing down Brunings govt. May 1932
- murdered by Nazis 1934 - 32Fritz Thyssen- chairman of United Steelworks Company
- one of the early financial backers of Nazi party
- joined Nazi party 1931
- link between Nazi and big business interests
- late 1930s became highly critical of the regime's econ policies
- opposed war > fled country 1939 - 33Joseph Goebbels- chief propagandist of Nazi Party 1928-1945
- Minister of Propaganda 1933
- fanatically loyal to Hitler
- journalist before joining Nazis
- taste for violence > provoked many fights with left-wing
- not a good orator like Hitler > able to use sarcasm/insinuation in attacking Jews/communists
- played key propaganda role in Nazi rise to power
- committed suicide 1945 after Hitler's death - 34Franz von Papen- former aristocratic army officer
- wide network of political influence
- member of Centre Party > anti-democratic
- wanted to restore power to the old elites/ re-establish authoritarian state
- appointed Chancellor May 1932
- 'cabinet of the barons' selected from industrial/landowning elite
- bought down by Schleicher Dec 1932
- conspired with Hitler/Hindenburg to remove Schleicher
- returned to power in coalition with Hitler - 35Dr Otto Meissner- Head of the Office of the President under Ebert + Hindenburg
- influence over Hindenburg
- helped organise the talks between Papen and Hitler that let to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor
- cont. serve Nazi regime after 1933 > much less power/influence - 36Gregor Strasser- member of Nazi Party 1921
- veteran of Beer Hall Putsch 1924
- 1926-28 in charge of party's propaganda
- took over responsibility for party's national organisation
- advocated strong anti-capitalist to appeal to working class voters
- strong anti-communist, anti-semitic
- purged from party leadership 1932
- murdered by Nazi SS in Night of the Long Knives 1934 - 37Hermann Goering- joined Nazi Party 1922
- took part in Munich Putsch 1923
- 1933 Chancellor
- established Gestapo + concentration camps
- 1936 in charge of Four Year Plan
- after failure of Luftwaffe defeat RAF in Batt of Br > lost influence declined > expelled from party 1945 - 38Ernst Rohm- joined Freikorps
- gathered info on opp. groups
- recruited by Hitler to infiltrate Ger's Workers Party
- helped set up the SA
- took part in Beer Hall Putsch
-took charge of SA 1930
- drank heavily/homosexual > embarrassment for Hitler 1933
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- A level (Nazi Germany ) History Fichas sobre Key Individuals, creado por Raquel Ferrao el 19/05/2017.
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- Raquel Ferrao
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