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SUPPORTING STUDIES- COGNITIVE
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- 1MULTI-STORE MODEL OF MEMORYMULTI-STORE MODEL OF MEMORY
- 2SPERLING- 1960/63>researched visual sensory memory using visual arrays of letters
>typically recalled 4.32 letters of whole
>when asked t recall a row, it was precise
>when instructions were delayed, decay occurred, supporting limited capacity and duration of the sensory register - 3PETERSON AND PETERSON- 1959>investigated duration using an interference task to prevent rehearsal
>presented with a trigram (3 letters)
>interference was counting back in 3s
>recall was accurate up to 15 seconds, showing the limited duration of STM - 4MILLER- 1956>Refined capacity to 'magic seven +/- 2'
>shows capacity is 5-9 items in STM - 5BROWN AND MCNEILL- 1966>'tip-of-the-tongue' phenomenon
>can predict we know an answer without being able to recall it
>shows LTM are stored in fragments
>if we can recall a piece we can put it together to retrieve the whole thing - 6BAHRICK- 1975>investigated very long-term memory (VLTM) with names/ faces
>identification of names/faces was 90% after 15 years of leaving school
>identification was 70-80% accurate after 48 years, showing little decay - 7BRADY- 2008>showed ppts. 2500 objects over 5.5 hours
>shown pairs and had to say which they had seen earlier
>when both were similar, recall was 88%
>when both were different, recall was 92%
>when shown new angle recall was 87%
>shows unlimited capacity of LTM - 8HENRY MOLAISON>amnesia after epilepsy
>LTM impaired, STM intact
>shows different parts of STM
SUPPORTS MSM - 9KF/KC>brain damage after motorbike accident
>LTM intact, STM impaired
>digit span of 1
>could form LTM without STM
CONFLICTS MSM - 10CLIVE WEARING>LTM impairment after encephalitis
>STM intact
>unable to transfer from STM to LTM
>shows different areas of MSM
SUPPORTS MSM - 11GLANZER AND CUNITZ- 1966>primacy- recency effect
>words at beginning and end of list are recalled better
>beginning, time to rehearse (primacy)
>end, in STM (recency)
>middle, displaced and can't be rehearsed - 12BADDELEY AND HITCH- 1974>created an alternative to MSM (WMM)
>explains why we can't easily complete dual tasks, MSM ignored this - 13CRAIK AND LOCKHART- 1972>alternative explanation for STM-LTM
>levels of processing- structural, phonemic and semantic
>the greater depth we give information, the more durable the trace
>MSM ignores this - 14WORKING MEMORY MODELWORKING MEMORY MODEL
- 15BADDELEY- 1966a>harder to recall acoustically similar words than acoustically different
>demonstrates phonological store relies on acoustic encoding - 16BADDELEY- 1988>Studied an Italian woman with a phonological deficit (VP)
>was unable to retain languages
>concluded phonological loop is involved in learning languages - 17HENRY MOLAISON>spatial memory impairment
>verbal STM intact
>supports idea of subdivides in store - 18PAULESU- 1993>PET scan to show different areas were activated when performing tasks using phonological loop and articulatory system
>provides evidence for separation - 19BADDELEY AND HITCH- 1967>Used a dual task experiment- pointer t follow light trace and verbally saying angles in letter F
>could complete both separately
>struggled with both simultaneously
>shows limited capacity of visuospatial sketchpad in the WMM - 20KLAUR AND ZHAO- 2004>visual tasks more interrupted by visual interference tasks
>spatial tasks more interrupted by spatial interference tasks
>evidence for separate areas - 21EPISODIC/ SEMANTIC MEMORYEPISODIC/ SEMANTIC MEMORY
- 22OSTERGAARD- 1987>case study of 10 y/o with brain damage
>episodic/ semantic impairment
>intellingence intact
>made progress and could store semantic memories in the brain
>evidence for separate stores
SUPPORTS - 23HENRY MOLAISON>STM intact
>LTM impaired
>could still play piano- procedural memory
>wasn't included in Tulving's explanation
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- AS - Level (Cognitive Psychology) AS Psychology Fichas sobre SUPPORTING STUDIES- COGNITIVE, creado por vittoria howard el 01/06/2017.
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- vittoria howard
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