Fichas
President Nixon - Domestic policy and Watergate
Fichas del conjunto (29)
- 1Nixon reputation by 1968- Political career over after 1960 failure
- Lost 1962 California Governor race
- BUT :) campaign with Goldwater 1964
- Rebuild his public image = 'safe pair of hands' in period of social upheaval
- Answered 'ordinary' Americans Qu's
- Southern conservative voters shift support towards Nixon and Reps
- Wide support outside of Rep party - 2Democrats in 1968- Vietnam = largely dividing
- Criticism of LBJ's social policies = riots against CR policies - particularly SOUTH
- After narrow win in first primary LBJ announce not seek nomination
- Bobby Kennedy = frontrunner but shot after Cali primary victory
- Hubert Humphrey = LBJ VP won nomination
- 10,000 protesters at Demo convention (later card) - 31968 Democrat Convention- 10,000 protesters = SDS, Yippies, anti-war groups
- Chicago Mayor recruit 23,000 police and National guard to ensure no disruption
- BUT police used brutality and tear gas = caused violent riot
- Broadcast across US
- Benefited Nixon campaign = popularity lead in double figures - 4Why was Nixon able to win the 1968 election?* OPPOSITON = Reagan had no experience and Humphrey unpopular
* CAMPAIGN = learnt from 60s - swing state visits, attack Demos, 'peace with honour' in Vietnam, pre-edited TV footage
* SOUTH sun belt = promise to slow the rate of change, increasing population = power, New federalism
* MIDDLE AMERICA = "silent majority", :( with change and riots, 55% of population
* DEMO CONVENTION = Nixon focus on $$ - 5Results of election- Nixon = only got 43.4% of popular vote
- 2.5m less votes than 1960 loss
- Wallace took 10m votes in south away from Demos = :) Nixon
- Democrats remained Congress majority - 6Nixon administration members- VP = Spiro Agnuew
- National reputation created after insult ghettos and black leaders in Baltimore
- Popular with 'middle America'
- Henry Kissinger = National Security Advisor = key FP influence
- Favour bypassing diplomatic process
- 'The Berlin Wall' as Halderman and Ehrlichman control White House access
- Appointed 4 Supreme Court justices - e.g. Warren Burger = Conservative court - 7Important issues to Nixon's administration- Vietnam = public desire for peace + high $
- Inflation = 4.7% = worsened the 3.3% unemployment rate
- New Federalism = State and Local Assistance Act 1972 = scale back role of federal gov - $4b a year to each state
- Environment = most legislation - 1970 Earth Day, Envirn. Protection Act (EPA), Clean Air Act
- Law and Order = against drug abuse - 1970 Drug Abuse Prevention and control Act and 1973 Drug Enforcement Agency - 8Nixon's image- CONTRAST to 1960
- Celebrity friendships = Elvis visit Oval office
- TV appearances = 'Laugh-in' sketch show :)
- BUT true character = paranoid, vindictive, amoral, cynical = revealed 1972 Watergate
- created an 'enemies list'
- convinced media out to get him - 9New Economic Policy- Forced changed economic policy after unemployment = 6.6% and lost 12 HOR seats in 1970
- Policy intro Aug 1971
- reverse many previously followed polices
- e.g. wage cuts, price freezes, tax cuts, 10% import tax, end 1944 Bretton-Woods Accord (value of dollar to gold)
- Immediate approval and $ boom - 10What caused the energy crisis?- Inflation rates = increased gas prices
- 1973 OPEC oil embargo ended = price rise by 387%
- Result of angry Arab states at falling value of dollar and 1973 Yom Kippur war involvement - 11Impact of energy crisis- Ordinary Americans = :(
- Pay 30% more for petrol/heating oil
- Cheap energy always been core to US strong economy
- Long queues
- Inflation rise to 12.1% = RECESSION
- Nixon had no solution - 12Welfare and taxation- Advocate for 'self-help' = min gov. $$
- attacked the Great Society during 1968
- Successfully shrunk OEO and 59 Job Corps closed
- Welfare federal funding cut
- Attempted replace with Family Assistance Programme = failed 1972 as NOT enough $
- BUT sympathetic as increase $ for social security, medicare/aid and SSI intro ($ for elderly and disabled) - 13Position of civil rights 1968-70- Public opposed CR after 1964-8 race riots and LBJ high spending
- Black power in decline = growing divisions
- FBI 'dirty tricks' = tap phones, undercover agents, frame Panthers for crimes
- Leaders = criminal record
- 1973 = SNCC and CORE became militant and lost support - 14Impact of Busing- campaign against de-facto segregation
- 'Busing' kids to different neighbourhood
- 1971 Swann v Charlotte court ruling CONSTITUTIONAL
- 8/1 opposed this ruling
- N constitutional amendment REJECTED
- Court balance = conservative after N appointments
- 1974 Miliken v Bradley ruled Detroit busing unconstitutional - 15What was the Philadelphia Plan?- Affirmative action programme
- Executive Order 1970
- "reverse discrimination"
- required Gov contractors to hire minority workers to reach set targets
- Upheld by Supreme Court
- Nixon's biggest CR success? - 16Other CR successes under Nixon- Increased number of Af-Am attending college
- Black studies courses at Duke, Cornell, Harvard
- 1968 = first female black Congresswoman
- 1971 Congressional Black Caucus founded by the 13 Congressmembers - 17How did Nixon and Kissinger try and stop the anti-war protests?- Believe Vietnam negotiations only possible after protests stop
- Reduced troop numbers = 1969 85,000 troops withdrawn
- alter draft criteria = 20 y/o + not affected
- Censor reality of war
- BUT NO success as protests continue - 18Celebrities supporting anti-war movement- John Lennon and Yoko Ono = 1969 bed-in
- 'Give peace a chance' song = anthem
- 1969 Vietname Moratorium March
- Jane Fonda = visit North Vietnam in 1972
- increase protest publicity - 19Student protests- at forefront as protested variety of issues
- Uni of Colorado = radical students blew up buildings after Af-Am scholarships frozen
- Demand for greater campus equality
- Kent State Uni 1970 = National guard shot 4 students + 11 wounded during protest against Gov involvement in Cambodia
- Jackson State = 2 shot and 14 wounded - 20Public reaction to student protests* 1964 = 84% believed Gov had previously been too soft on protestors
* 1/2 believed students were to blame
* Nixon unsuccessfully dealt with protests = insulting (dead) activists
* NY 1970 = protestors attacked for lack of patriotism by construction workers - 21Protests after 1970- 1970 = highest point
- rate declined after troop withdrawal
- 1971 Washington = Vietnam veterans threw 700 medals on capitol building steps
- 1971 NYC = 15 anti-war veterans climb statue of Liberty and fly flag upside down - 22Nixon response to protests- Realised withdrawing troops = key to reducing protests
- Threatened end federal scholarships/loans for convicted student criminals
- Surveillance on disruptive groups
- Spring 1970 = 10,000 arrested in Washington - 23Feminism- Gloria Steinem = spoke of how little Nixon's administration had done
- Fem protests got lost in the climate of anti-war protests
- Nixon executive order = increase number of female employees in administration
- Sex discrimination issues to be enforced by Justice Department under CRA
- 1973 Roe v Wade = BREAKTHROUGH - 241972 election- landslide victory with 60.7% popular vote
- 49/50 states won
- Result of foreign policy victories and middle America support
- Nixon = 52% of white collar voters
- McGovern = DEMO = too liberal
- BUT Nixon cheating with CREEP - 25Role of CREEP- Committee for the Re-election
- Illegal fundraising = $60m in contributions = $250,000 from McDonalds for Gov to ignore unauthorised price rises
- Political subversion = discredit Demo candidates
- Criminal surveillance = Watergate as break into Demo headquarters
- Wiretap 11 officials to ensure VW secrets not being leaked - 26Who was Ellsberg?Released the Pentagon papers
= private Gov papers of Vietnam War policy
= protect by Supreme Court ruling under freedom of speech - 27White House Special Investigation Unit- 1971= the 'Plumbers'
- Gordon Liddy = ran CREEP surveillance, electronic eavesdropping, kidnapping opponents
- E.Howard Hunt = wore wig, glasses, voice change, try expose Kennedy sex scandal
- Charles Colson = radical scheme ideas, feeding LSD to anti-Nixon campaigners before on TV - 28Watergate break-ins- 1972 = organised burglary of DNC headquarters
- CREEP members
- Discovered by security guard
- Not clear how much Nixon knew of plan
- Nixon and White House Chief of Staff discussed how to stop FBI investigation = obstruction of justice
- the plumbers = imprisoned for 20/40 years - 29Nixon impeachment- Watergate committee investigate case = struggled to even find Reps supporting N
- Become aware of existence of Nixon's taping system
- Nixon fired Archibald Cox (in charge of releasing tapes)
- approval rating decreased by 17%
- Resignation of VP Agnew over state finance scandal = worsening admin reputation
- Tapes released with part erased = SC ruling that all must be made public
- 75% believed N guilty of cover-up
- Congress investigations start Oct 1973
- support of only 15 Senators = RESIGNATION
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- A level (AMERICA) History Fichas sobre President Nixon - Domestic policy and Watergate, creado por Emily Bevis el 06/05/2018.
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- Emily Bevis
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