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Unit 1 - Module 4: Description, Correlation, and Experimentation
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- 1Unit One - Module 4 Description, Correlation, and ExperimentationDescription, Correlation, and Experimentation
- 2Three types of descriptive researchCase Study
Naturalistic Observation
Survey - 3case studyA descriptive technique in which one individual or group, or situation, is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.
- 4naturalistic observationA descriptive technique of observing and recording behaviour in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation.
- 5Hawthorne effectA situation where knowing you are being observed can alter behaviour.
- 6surveya descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviours of a particular group, usually be questioning a representative and random sample of the group.
- 7sampling biasA flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample.
- 8populationAll those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn.
(This does not relate to a country's whole population) - 9random samplingInvolves choosing participants at random from a larger population. They can be used for many types of research including surveys, interviews, and experiments.
- 10periodic samplingPeriodic sampling (also called systematic sampling) is a probability sampling method in which researchers select units from a population at regular, fixed intervals—every kth element—after a random starting point within the first interval has been chosen.
- 11wording effectsThe effects that words, word order, and question order have on the opinions that people express on surveys.
- 12social desirability biasBias from people people's responding in ways they presume a researcher expects or wishes.
- 13self-report biasBias when people report their behaviour inaccurately.
- 14correlationA measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus how well either factor predicts the other.
- 15correlation coefficientA statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1.00 to +1.00).
- 16variableAnything that can vary and is feasible and ethical to study.
- 17scatterplotA graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the dots suggest the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter suggests high correlation)
- 18positive correlationA positive correlation means that HIGHER scores on one variable are associated with HIGHER scores on a second variable.
- 19negative correlationA negative correlation means that HIGHER scores on one variable are associated with LOWER scores on a second variable.
- 20bidirectional problemCorrelations only show that a relationship exists between variables. They do not indicate in which direction a relationship works.
- 21third-variable problemTwo variables can be related but not necessarily because they cause each other. A third (or fourth or fifth..) variable may be the cause of both of the other related variables.
- 22illusory correlationThis is perceiving a relationship where non exists. Or perceiving a stronger relationship that actually exists.
- 23regression toward the meanThe tendency for extreme or unusual events to fall back (regress) toward the average (mean).
- 24experimentA research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behaviour or mental process (dependent variable).
- 25experimental groupIn an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment or manipulation, that is, to the independent variable.
- 26control groupIn an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment or manipulation. This is in contrast to the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment or manipulation.
- 27random assignmentInvolves taking a sample and randomly assigning the participants to either the experimental group or the control group of an experiment. Random assignment only applies to experiments.
- 28independent variableIn an experiment, this is the factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
- 29dependent variableIn an experiment, this is the outcome that is measured; the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated
- 30validityThis is the extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to.
- 31confounding variablesThese are the factors other than the factor being studied that might influence a study's results.
- 32placebo effectExperimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behaviour caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.
- 33single-blind procedurea procedure in an experiment where the researchers do not tell the participants if they are being given a test treatment or a control treatment. This is done in order to ensure that participants don't bias the results by acting in ways they "think" they should act.
- 34double-blind procedureA procedure in an experiment where both the participant and the researchers are ignorant (blind) as to the condition (or group) that the participant is in. This type of design is used to prevent the researchers from acting differently to people in one group, or from giving the participant any information that could make them act and/or behave unnaturally.
- 35experimenter biasBias caused when researchers may unintentionally influence results to confirm their own beliefs.
- 36Main advantages of CASE STUDIESProvides rich descriptive information, often suggesting hypotheses for further study. Can study rare phenomena in depth.
- 37Main advantages of NATURALISTIC OBSERVATIONCan provide detailed information about the nature, frequency, and context of naturally occurring behaviours.
- 38Main advantages of SURVEYSA properly selected, representative sample typically yields accurate information about the broader population.
- 39Main advantages of CORRELATIONAL RESEARCHCorrelation allows prediction. Can examine issues that cannot be studied ethically or practically in experiments.
- 40Main advantages of EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHOptimal method for examining cause-effect relationships. Ability to control extraneous factors will help rule out alternative explanations.
- 41Main disadvantages of CASE STUDIESPoor method for establishing cause-effect relationships. The person or event may not be representative. Often relies heavily on the researcher’s subjective interpretations.
- 42Main disadvantages of NATURALISTIC OBSERVATIONPoor method for establishing cause-effect relationships. Observer’s presence, if known, may influence participants’ behaviour.
- 43Main disadvantages of SURVEYSUnrepresentative samples may yield misleading results. Interviewer bias and social desirability bias can distort the findings.
- 44Main disadvantages of CORRELATIONAL RESEARCHCorrelation does not imply causation because of the bidirectionality problem and the third-variable problem, which can create confounding variables.
- 45Main disadvantages of EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHThe confounding of variables, placebo effects, and experimenter expectancies can threaten the validity of causal conclusions.
- 46quantitative researchA research method that relies on quantifiable, numerical data.
- 47qualitative researchA research method that relies on in-depth, narrative information that is not translated into numbers
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- Grade 12 (Unit One - Introduction to Psychological Science Practices) Psychology Fichas sobre Unit 1 - Module 4: Description, Correlation, and Experimentation, creado por Greg MacPherson el 22/07/2021.
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- Greg MacPherson
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