Fichas
Ancient - Half Yearlies - NKE + Akhenaten
Fichas del conjunto (122)
- 1Role of the pharaoh- builder
- warrior
- religious leader
- politician (foreign affairs)
- artist/ administrator of propaganda
- maintainer of ma'at - 2Herodotus quote"Egypt is the gift of the nile"
- 3Resources provided by the nile- transport
- drinking and bathing water
-irrogation for crops
- sugarcane for papyrus
- fish and fowling
- annual i nundation provides fertile soil (kmt) - 4HorusRepresents the pharaoh on earth
Son of Osiris - 5Osirisrepresents the previously passed pharaoh
god of the afterlife - 6Festivals- Hem-sed (30th anniversary)
- Feast of Opet for Amun-Re - 7Cantlon (role of the pharaoh)“a function of the king was to maintain that stability, that maat, through his vigor, his superhuman perception and his ability to create control through the force of his personality”
- 8evidence of the reign of Amenhotep III• Stalae found at thebes, the first cataract, Knosso, Senna and the Bubana in the delta
• Commemorative scarabs - 9TiyeWife of Amenhotep III -
- was represented almost constantly, equal sized, alongside the king (luxor)
- also depicted as a sphynx in her stewards tomb
- Advised the king about diplomatic affairs (Armana letters to Mitanni king)
- was a co-regent to Akhenaten - 10Amenhotep III - hunter/ warrior image• Issued 2 commemorative scarabs promoting his success as a hunter – hunted 56 bulls in one day and 102 lions in his first 10 years as king
- Successful battles in Nubia and Syria - depicted in Temple of Luxor - 11Cameron quote - Amenhotep• “Amenhotep III ruled Egypt for almost 40 years. During that time Egypt enjoyed greater power and prestige than it had before or since.” - Cameron
- 12Buildings by Amenhotep III- Temple of Luxor
- Mortuary temple + palace Malkata
- Buildings and scuplures are described as "monumental"
- The buildings of Amenhotep were known for their enormity, lavish design/ craftsmanship and rich materials - 13Nefertiti Queen of Akhetaten- Sculpture of her found in the workshop of the sculptor of Thutmose at Akhetaten
- appears nearly twice as often as the king in theban artworks
- is believed to have acted as a "queen regent"
- also depicted pharaonlically, as a spynx and as a chariot driver - 14Akhenaten building- Completed temple of Karnak (amenhotep III)
- 4 new Aten temples in east Karnak - 15Length of Akhenaten's rule17
- 16Early years of AkhentenTrained as a priest (temple of re) - evidence of his interest in the sun god includes a wine jar seal from Amenhotep 3’s palace in Malaka reading “The estate of the true kings son”
- 17Co-regency - amenhotep 3 and Akhenaten• Aldred and Hayes say the evidence of his co-regency is in a letter from Akhenaten to King Tushratta – funeral of Amenhotep 3- disputed by Redford
- Amenhotep was in poor health - training for his reign
- reliefs of both kings at Karnak - 18Atenism- No afterlife
- prayer was to be directed to the king
- buildings and temples were designed to allow more sunlight
- Destroying of relics of old gods - 19Akhenaten art- "Pre-dynastic"
- Paintings of common activities and villagers
- Elongated face, large hips and breasts, snake eyes
- intimacy with family - 20Effect of Atenism/ reason for armana failure- Loss of jobs (priests and militants) and income for working class
- Loss of religious hope
- Vulnerability to surrounding nations
- Damaging/ poor upkeep of old temples and buildings - 21Theories about art reformsReeves +aldred - Nefertiti and Akhenaten were the same person
Burridge - Suffered from disfiguring diseases - 22Traditional artisti depiction of pharaoh- Square, broad shoulders, elongated skills, hairless, gentle faces, always posing, women are smaller than men
- 23Assmann - Akhenaten and neglectthe temples of the gods and goddesses… were about to be forgotten, and their holy places in a condition of collapse
- 24Advisors of TuthankamunAye and Horemheb
- 25Portrayal of TutCarefree and boylike
- 26Ankhensena’amunWife of Tut
- evidence of her role is scarce
- widowed
- depicted as a small child in images of Akh and Nef - 27Tut as a warriorChariots and bows found in burial tomb as well as paintings of seth training him in battle
- 28Aye and HoremhebFormer advisors - saught out to undo Akhenaten's changes
Aye- 4 years
Horemheb 28 years - 29Horemheb's edict- Found inscribed on a stela at Karnak
- Threatened punishment for not paying taxes
- Brought fear of wrongdoing to the land as a way of ending the corruption within the Amun priesthood
- Aimed to bring justice back to Egypt - 30Ramesses I2 years
- 31Seti I11-15 years
- Battle of Kadesh + 4 other campaigns to regain empire
-Had the goal of renewing Egypt by following the examples of Thutmose III and Amenhotep III - 32Ramesses II66 years
- Battle of Kadesh + Hittie Egypt Treaty - 33Kitchen on Ramesses (ambition"He had all the ambition of Youth"
- 34Advisor of Amenhotep IIIHuy (Amenhotep, Son of Hapu)
- Scribe and under secretary of the king
- responsible for writing and documentation, and man power
- luxurious burial tomb shows his importance - 35Rammeside advisorPrehotep
- 36Role of the advisor- Administrate building projects
- human relations
- communicate with outer parts of the country
- make sure projects were being undergone - 37Akhetaten used to be called...Tel-Armana
- 38Evidence of Akhenaten's priesthoodWine jar seal at Amenhoteps Palace reading "Place of the true king's son"
- Trained at temple of Re and Heliopolis - 39Akhenaten's length of co-regency12 years
• Aldred and Hayes say the evidence of his co-regency is in a letter from Akhenaten to King Tushratta – funeral of Amenhotep 3 - 40Change of Akhenaten's nameYear 6
- 41Akhenaten's appearance theoriesAlfred - he was actually a woman (Nefertiti) +froelichs syndrome
- Marfans syndrome (Redford and Burridge) - 42akhenaten advisorsPareneffer – royal cup bearer
Huy (Amenhotep, Son of Hapu)
Maya – general of the armies and lord of two lands
Aye – master of Horses and chariots
Maya – High priest at Heliopolis
Ramose, scribe of recruits and overseer of treasury
Mahu – Chief of police - 43Ma'atAs the world was created in a state of continual tension between order and chaos, the primary role of the king was to maintain this state of ma'at, the harmony and protect Egypt from Chaos
- 44VizierSupervises the work of other officials, acts as the kings deputy and is responsible for all the main departments of gov
- One for the north and one for the south
- Evidence - text called the duties of the vizier - 45VizierSAmenhotep - Ramose
- 46Original role of the queen- provide heirs to maintin royal blood line
- took precedence over other wives
- provide a female figure to complement the pharaohs relationship with the male gods - 47Restoration stela quote"The land was in confusion, the gods forsook the land"
- 48NefertariWife of Ramesses II
- depicted officiating religious ceremonies in shrines
- exquisitely painted tomb at the valley of the queens - signifying her impact and importance
- wrote to the Hittite queen - 49Achievements of Amenhotep III- Economic boom due to trade
- Beginnings of Atenism
-monumental buildings
- - 50Order of pharoahsAmenhotep 3
Akhenaten
Tutankhamin
Aye
Horemheb
Ramesses
Seti I
Ramesses II - 51Michael Rice Queens/ women“queens and especially queens mothers, have exercised a power influence in the society”
- 52Annual inundationThe waters of the River Nile would rise and make the banks/ Nile Valley more fertile, ensuring the growth of crops
- 53Nile Valley• The narrow cultivated strip of land on either side of the river, Egyptians called it “Kmt”
- 54Neighbors of EgyptLibya, Palestine, Syria, Babylonia, Assyria
Egypt was surrounded by natural borders of ocean and cataracts - 55The Nile was good forArgiculture
Water source
Transport
Animal husbandry
Fishing and fowling - 56ReSun god
- 57AmenRose to power in the 18th dynasty
- 58Religious sumbol in artworksPillar - stability and Osiris' triumph
Sphinx - the Pharaoh as a warrior
Yellow circle - Aten - 5918th dynastyWarfare was less important, as the lands were peaceful and egypt was already feared
- Amenhotep III
- Akhenaten
- Tutankhamun
- Aye and Horemheb - 60Pharaoh as an administratorResponsible for economics and trade relationships
Had to manage key officials and upkeep their roles - 61Pharaoh as warrior- Military leader of Egyptian army
- Was expected to work for the expansion of the borders and conquest of other lands
- Earned and maintained Egypt's powerful reputation - 62Pharaoh as a hunter- Depicted in this way to show enemies and locals that he is fearless - propaganda
- 63Pharaoh as religious leader- Maintains ma'at/ balance with the gods
- held festivals
- maintained cult followings
- built/ restored temples and religious buildings
- Connection between people and the gods
- Constructed religious policy - 64Pharaoh as a builder- Religious and political significance of buildings were the two primary reasons for building
- Emphasizes the power and devotion of the king - 65Golden ageAmenhotep III
- 66SekhmetWorship of this god was promoted by Amenhotep III, as they were identified with healing - Temples holding 17 statues of the god found in Luxor
- 67Amenhotep as a foreign administrator- Communicated with the neighboring leaders
- alliances with rulers of north east
- Adding foreign princes to royal harem
- exchanging gifts with fellow kings - 68Evidence of the influence of Tiye- Amenhotep was rarely depicted without her and in an equal size to him
- Her name was found on official inscriptions and armana letters
- Represented as a Sphinx in a noble's tomb - 69Akhenaten ascesion to throne- Throne was to originally go to older brother Thutmose but he died
- May have been co-regent with Amenhotep - releifs of both at temple of Karnak - 70Reason for Armana revolution- Amenhotep displayed an interest in the Aten before his death
- As the Egyptians no longer had wars to fight and a need to pray for assistance and thus he needed another way to make a name for himself - 71Memorae damnatia- Destroying evidence of the reign of an older pharaoh
- Akhenaten destroyed old gods in year 10
- Tutankhamun destroyed evidence of Akhenaten - 72Bentley's view on AkhenatenFailure
Traditional religion and capitol restored after death
Concept of atenist afterlife was one of emptiness and undesirability - 73Gardiners view on AkhenatenAttempt to rid cults of secrecy was an innovation
Move to the new capitol was the most important move of his career
Atenism lacked ethical teaching - 74Kemps view on AkhenatenThe warrior status was maintained with campaigns in Nubia (year 12) and military action in Levant
Art was innovative and showed the king in a new light
Lack of festivals harmed the populations adhesion to the new religion - 75Callenders view of AkhenatenCampaign in Nubia year 12
First sovereign to use Nubian Troops in Asia
Army appears in major reliefs of the period
Placed high value on diplomacy
The loss of the empire was on the hands of Amenhotep III - 76Thomas' view of AkhenatenRaising of Aten to state god was acceptable but the elimination of others was not
A political opportunist who wanted to hold absolute power by being synonymous with the one god - 77Tutankhamuns view of AkhenatenSpeaks of his fathers time as a period of "sickness" and the widespread neglect of the gods resulted in their deserting of Egypt
- 78Ay and Horemheb on AkhenatenDescribed the reign as, in Ay's restoration Stela, "evil", "estruction of right" and "corrupted"
- 79Ramesside views of AkhenatenWas described as "the rebel" and "the criminal" and was left of the official list of Kings at Abydos
- 80Name the natural features of Egypt-Natural border provided by Mediterranean and red sea
- Cataracts created natural border between Egypt and Nubia - 81Significant sites of EgyptThebes
Valley of the Kings
Malkata - 82Herodotus on Egypts geographyNot only is the Egyptian climate peculiar and the Nile different in its behaviour from other rivers elsewhere
- 83Natural resources in Egypt- Main crops - wheat and barley
- Vegetables - leeks, onions, and beans
Fruits - figs, dates and grapes
Herbs provided medicines, perfumes and flavours
Hares and antelopes were hunted
Cliffs along the river provided limestone, granite and sandstone - 84Resources provided by neighborsNubia - Gold, ivory, baboons and copper
Palestine - Cedar and silver - 85MitanniFrom Naharin
Diplomatic marriages
Writing to king Tushratta from Tiye - 86SyriaNorth of Palestine
Often changed allefiance from Mitanni to Egypt or later to the Hittites
Crossroads to major trade routes - valuable - 87HittitesFrom Anatolia
Peace treaty - 882 functions of AkhetatenReligious - cult centre of Atenism
Political - Administrative capital of Egypt - 89Reasons for the move to Akhetaten- aten was entitled to own centre
- Disassociation from other gods
- Difficult to worship aten at the amun centre
- Concern about opposition from key officials and priesthood
- Protecting self and family from civil disturbances - 90Location of AkhetatenWas situated 350km North of Thebes on the east bank of the Nile on a flat desert plane that was dry, windswept and barren
- Virgin soil free from any previous gods - 91Time of Akhetaten's completionConstruction was complete in year 8 and the city was fully functional by year 9
- 92Symbolism of Akhenatens tomb placementBuilt in line with the rising point of the sun on the horizon, making himself into the Aten each morning
He was showing that he was the one true god and his dedication to Atenism - 93Window of AppearanceWhere Akhenaten and his family would appear each morning to greet the people
- 94Mallison on Akhetaten"Public buildings were precisely planned, based n the topographical features of the erea"
"The positioning of the buildings caught the rising and setting sun which replicated the hieroglyph of the horizon" - 95Regular processions of AkhenatenAlong the Royal Road, running from the North City to the Central city - there was opportunity in Akhenaten's travels along this road for the adulation of the image of the Aten
- 96Kemp on the processions along the Royal RoadSumarises that these royal excursions were used to "fill the vacuum left by the lack of religious festivals and processions previously celebrated such as the Open and Valley Festivals associated with Amun"
"arena or royal display" - 97Central city of Akhetaten Main public (religious and administrative) buildings were located hereKings House - administration and reception centre
Records Office
The Great Temple of the Aten
Mansion of the Aten - mortuary temple
Royal Road - 98Evidence found in the Kings House (Akhetaten)- Wall painting of daughters of King and Queen Neferneferure and Neferneferuaten
- Limestone carving of the head of Akhenaten - 99Features of the Great Temple of the Aten (Akhetaten)Em Aten - Contained alter for worship
Sanctuary - contained "Holy of Holies" (statue of Aten) with a high altar
Slaughter yards for sacrifices - 100Unstead and Aldred on the Great Temple of the Aten"The Great Temple of the Aten was the centre of worship if Akhenaten's new god... The buildings within were laid out within a processional plan"
- 101North City of AkhetatenNorth Riverside Palace - Main royal residence
North Palace - Ceremonial palace
Middle class estates and villas - 102South City of AkhetatenMaru Aten - private royal resort or Aten viewing area
Middle class estates and villas - 103How many Boundary Stelae were there?14 Boundary Stelae were carved into cliffs marking the borders of the new city
Stood between 3 and 9 metres high and decorated with scenes of royal family worshipping Aten - 104Oaths inscribed on Boundary Stelae- None could alter the decision of building Akhetaten
- He would never extend the city beyond the boundaries
- The city became the capitol
- Mnevis Bull would be burried here
-A and his family were to be burried here - 105Mnevis BullSacred bull regarded as the physical manifestation of the sun god Re
- 106South Eastern Boundary Stelae quote"I shall not violate this oath which I have made to Aten my father in all eternity"
- 107Tiye religious role evidenceDepicted as a goddess in Nubian temple made in her honour
- 108Nefertiti religious roleActively assisted in the conversion to monotheism - images of her in worship found at Akhetaten
- 109Akhensenamun religious roleDepicted in a gold shrine interacting the the goddess hathor and ensuring the happiness of Tutankhamun in the afterlife
- 110Nefertari religious role- Depicted officiating ceremonies with Ramessess II at the shrine of Abu Simbel
- Depictions of Hathor alongside her in the temple of Ramessess II at Abu Simbel
- Presided at the investiture of a high priest
- Goddesses maat, Isis and Horus are depicted at her side in her tomb - 111Military role of TiyeDepicted as a sphinx trampling her enemies at the tomb of her steward
- 112Diplomatic/ political role of TiyeExchanged letters with foreign rulers regarding trades of gold - king Tushratta wrote to her regarding the relationship after amenhotep III's death
- 113Diplomatic/ political role of Nefertiti"The beautiful woman who has come" is written throughout Thebes in her depictions, suggesting that she may have come from abroad. She may have been a diplomatic marriage
- 114Akhensenamun diplomacy/ political roleHittite prince is shown to have been sent to marry her and become king of Egypt through letters stating "he will be my husband and king of Egypt" - the two later disappeared
- 115Diplomacy/ political role of AkhensenamunCommunication with Hittite queen after peace treaty
"With you my sister, may all go well" - 116Traditional role of TiyeCommemorative marriage scarabs
- 117Traditional role of NefertitiWas depicted in embrace with her children throughout Akhetaten
- 118Robins on Queens"The queen represented the female principle of the universe through which the male king could renew himself"
- 119Catalysts of changing roles of queensWhile pharaohs were fighting the wars of liberations, queens took a more important role (17th dynasty)
Inspiration would have stemmed from the important roles of - Tetisheri, Ahhotep II,
- Ahmose-Nefertari and Hatshepsut - 120Important queens of Old Kingdom- Tetisheri (probable founder of 18th dynasty)
- Ahhotep II (put down a rebellion)
- Ahmose-Nefertari (first god’s wife of Amun, worshipped as goddess, in DEM)
- Hatshepsut (Thutmosid pharaoh, assuming full titulary and iconography of a king) - 121Aldred on Akhetaten"It was here that the king founded a capital on virgin ground, which was built for the aten"
- 122—
Información
- Descripción
- Notes for HSC half yearly
- Creado por
- Brianna McCarthy
- Visitas
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