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Eating Behaviour
Fichas del conjunto (26)
- 1Essay 1: Factors That Affect Attitudes Towards Food Choice - AO1- Well documented link between food and postivie mood.
- Hunger = increased irritability.
- People who are stressed/depressed increase their carbohydrate intake = CARBOHYDRATE CRAVING SYNDROME. - 2AO1 - Serotonin & Opiate Hypothesis- Carbohydrates contain tryptophan, which increases serotonin levels, 'Self-medication' for low mood.
- Opiate neurotransmitters are similar to heroin = pleasurable feelings/euphoria likely to be stored in the brain's reward system.
- Eating and drinking are believed to activate this system. - 3AO2 - Garg et al (2007)- 38 participants
- Positive mood, sugary products = mood threatening, therefore they are avoided.
- Negative mood, sugary products = mood enhancing. - 4AO2 - Serotonin hypothesis- Appears to be invalid.
- Serotonin increase only occurs when purely carbohydrates are consumed which is rare.
- Tryptophan is prevented from entering the brain with small amounts of proteins present. - 5AO2 - Willenbring et al (1986)- Lab studies = marines ate less in combat stituations and students ate less during times of stress.
- 6AO2 - Oliver & Wardle (1999) (Stress & snacking) - Wardle et al (2000) (Naturalistic study)Oliver & Wardle (1999)
- 73% pps stated stress increased their snacking and reduced their 'meal type' consumption.
Wardle et al (2000)
- Naturalistic study
- High workload linked with greater intakes of energy (saturated fats and sugars).
Contradictory relationship called the 'Stress Eating Pradox' - 7Essay 2: Success & failures of diets - AO1- Estimate of 40% of the female population trying to lose weight.
- Dieting industry predominantly aimed at females.
- At least 87% of the population have dieted, as a society we were getting fatter. - 8AO1 - Ogden (2007) Why is it mainly women who diet?The factors include:
- Media influence
- Family influence ( mother acts as a role model for the daughter, SLT)
- Ethnicity ( Western cultures more dissatisfied with their body)
- Social class ( AN more prominent in higher social classes, ironic = more food) - 9AO2 - Restraint Theory, Herman & Mack (1975)- Dieting = restrained eating.
- Dieting can be successful undereating and weight loss is a result of this.
- However, more often it results in over eating and weight gain and leads to diet failure.
- Preload / taste test after high calorie preload or a low calorie preload participants were asked to taste Foods.
- Dieters tend to eat more after the preload. - Positive correlation with dieting and amount eaten. - 10AO3- Gender bias, beta bias
- Cultural bias
- Gynocentrism - sample bias
-Independent group's design
- Scientific method - empirical - 11Essay 3: Neural mechanisms involved in regulating eating behaviour - AO1- Eating behaviour equals ingestive behaviour.
- Homeostasis = body maintaining a constant internal environment ( if we are hot we sweat)
- Homeostasis is maintained via a negative feedback loop this assumes that all body variables have a set point.
- Homeostasis detect and correct.
- Glucose reduction = increased hunger, increased glucose = satiety.
- Each individual has a set point and their weight is regulated around that set point. - Body regulates hunger based on: fat stores, glucose levels, cellular energy.
- Ventromedial hypothalamus = satiety, Lateral hypothalamus = hunger.
- VMH responds to an increase in glucose, decreases ghrelin and cck is released.
- LH decreases blood glucose ghrelin increases when the stomach is empty. - 12AO2: 1. Wickens - (2000) (NPY) 2. Gold (1973) (Lesions) 3. Hetherington and Ronson (1942) (Lesions) 4. Karl Lashley (1938) (Rats & maze)1. Rats injected with NPY = obesity.
2. Lesions restricted to the VMH alone did not result in hyperphagia only produced overeating when they included other areas.
3. Lesions in the VMH in rats = rats became obese, satiety destroyed led to increasing in feeding and body weight.
4. Various parts of the brain were removed from hungry rats, the rats were tested on how motivated they were to run on a maze for food. It was found that hunger helps increase the hungry rats motivation to get the food and they completed the maze quicker than the rats who were not hungry. - 13AO3- Extrapolation as most studies were tested on rats.
- High scientific method.
- Reductionism.
- Temporal validity.
- Animal ethics.
- Nature. - 14Essay 4: Evolutionary explanations of food choice - AO1- Evolutionary past food was erratic, binge eating would be used to store maximum amount of energy.
- Sweet, fatty or salty foods were scarce in the ancestral past = sort at any chance which could account for why in the modern day we prefer sugary, salty or fatty foods.
- Overeating is advantageous for when food is scarce.
- Sweet taste = ripeness & high concentration of salt.
- Salt is essential in minimum amounts for the body to function, it is lost through sweat.
- Humans are omnivores = wide variety of food sources.
- Cooking was introduced half a million years ago = reduction in bacteria and tenders meat. - 15Steven and Price (2000) - AO2 (Evolutionary pressure)- The obesity problems in most of the western society is due to an inability of escaping the evolutionary pressure.
- 16Bell et al (1973) - AO2 (Eskimos)- Sugary sweets given to Eskimos in northern Alaska who have never had sugary sweets before and it's showed preference for sweet food as it was not rejected.
- 17Meiselman (1977) - AO2 (Empirical support)- Empirical support, we have an innate 'sweet tooth', people of all ages prefer Sweet food other than other tastes.
- 18AO2: 1. Garcia, Rusiniak & Brett (1977) 2. Frost (2006) (neophobia)1.Sheepskin was wrapped around midly contaminated lamb meet and given to a wolves, it made them ill, when these wolves came in contact with sheep they avoided them - taste aversion.
2. Animals avoid food they are unfamiliar with which is neophobia (fear of the new). - 19AO3- Unfalsifiable
- Deterministic
- Ethnocentric
- Nature VS Nurture
- Extrapolation
- Animal ethics - 20Essay 5: Psychological explanations of an eating disorder - AO1 (Classical & operant conditioning)Classical conditioning:
- AN = learned behaviour, eating is associated with anxiety, it can make people overweight.
- Weight loss = reduction of anxiety, happy.
- Weight gain = sad, feel fat/ugly which leads to dieting.
Operant conditioning:
- AN learned behaviour maintained through positive reinforcements.
- Diet/weight loss = positive reinforcement, Overweight = negative stigma.
-AN diets to avoid criticism of being overweight (negative reinforcement). - 21AO1: (Media, SLT & psychodynamic approach)Media:
- Ideal body = thin, 1950s ideal body was curvy (paradigm shift).
SLT:
- People imitate people who they admire (vicarious reinforcement)
Psychodynamic:
- Refusal to eat = a desire to remain a child.
- Fixed at oral stage.
- AN loses weight = loss of sexual characteristics, become childlike (asexual).
- Refusal to eat is symbolic to a refusal of sexuality. - 22AO2: 1. Goresz et al (2001) (Slender body) 2. Forehand (2001) (Pressure on female appearance)1. Media portrays a Slender body ideal.
- 25 studies reviewed Media's Body ideal, caused dissatisfaction which led to an eating disorder (e.g AN).
- This effects under 19 year olds the most.
2. Women feel pressure on their appearance.
- 27% of girls feel that the media pressures them to strive for the perfect body. - 233. Fearn (1999) (Fiji) 4. Wonderlich et al (1996) (Childhood experiences)3. American TV programmes in Fiji increased eating disorders.
- These TV programmes emphasised westernised ideas for bodytypes.
4. Survey of 1099 American women on sexual experiences during childhood and eating disorder symptoms.
- History of sexual abuse alleviated the risk of an eating disorder. - 24AO3- Reductionism
- Determinism
- Gynocentrism
- Beta bias
- Socially sensitive
- Lacks scientific methods - 25Essay 6: Biological explanations of an eating disorder - AO1- Serotonin is associated with happiness and mood, it is implicated to suppress appetite in increased amounts.
- Increased serotonin = anxiety = suppressed eating.
- LH = hunger Centre.
- VMH = satiety.
Hypothalamus dysfunctional Theory ( HDT):
- When weight is low LH is activated, when weight is high VMH is activated.
- Humans have a set weight homeostasis - 26AO2: 1. Bailer et al (2007) (Serotonin activities) 2. Fava et al (1989) (Altered levels of serotonin)1. Women recovering from anorexia nervosa (AN) and binge eating / purging individuals were compared with it healthy women.
- Higher serotonin levels in women recovering from AN.
2. Serotonin and noradrenaline levels were altered in anorexics.
- Serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine are implicated in the pathways of LH and VMH.
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- A-Level Psychology Fichas sobre Eating Behaviour, creado por Tia Jones el 10/05/2016.
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- Tia Jones
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