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Liberalism flash cards
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- 1What is the central theme of liberalism?Commitment to the individual and desire to construct a society which people can satisfy their interests and achieve fulfilment
- 2What are the two main strands of liberalism?Classical liberalism and modern liberalism
- 3When did liberalism really begin to emerge as a political ideology?First emerged in Spain 1812, by 1840's the term was recognised throughout Europe
- 4What intellectual movements significantly influence early liberalism?The Enlightenment and the break down of feudalism
- 5What was the early liberal thought on monarchy and absolutism?Challenged absolute power of the monarchy, they advocated a constitutional and representative government
- 6What was early liberal thought on economics?Advocated an industrialised and market economic order free from government interference
- 7What made certain theorists like Fukuyama pronounce the worldwide triumph of liberalism?The collapse of communism and the growth of industrialisation
- 8Which important German philosopher believed in the uniqueness and importance of the individual?Immanuel Kant: believed in dignity and equal worth of human beings
- 9How did later liberalism differ from this view?Atomistic view: collection of individuals seeking to satisfy own needs
- 10What is liberty (or freedom)?The ability to think or act as one wishes , a capacity that can be associated with the individual, social group or nation
- 11What would early liberalism say on the mandatory use of seatbelt in cars?Its unacceptable as any form of censorship restricts the individual
- 12What are the two types of freedom or liberty proposed by Isaiah Berlin?Positive and negative
- 13What defines the first type of freedom for Berlin?Negative freedom: the absence of external restrictions or constraints on the individual allowing freedom of choice
- 14What about the second type?Positive freedom: self mastery/ self realisation, the achievement of autonomy of the development of human capacities
- 15Why has this stimulated important academic debate within liberalism?Rival concepts of freedom, different uses of relationship between the individual and state
- 16Why were the Enlightenment liberals so against paternalism?Because they have a belief in reason, paternalism prevents individuals fro making own moral choices
- 17What is rationalism?Belief that the world has a rational structure, the exercise of human reason and critical enquiry
- 18When is the use of force ever justified for liberals?1. To prevent the harm of others
2. To protect freedoms
3. When argument and reason have been exhausted and it is a last resort - 19What is justice?A moral standard of fairness and impartiality, fair distribution of wealth and rewards
- 20What is the liberal stance on social privileges?Disapprove of any social privileges or advantages that are enjoyed by some but denied to others
- 21What is equality?The principle that human beings are of identical worth or are entitled to be treated in the same way
- 22How is equality maintained in the UK?Human rights, the right to vote
- 23What is a meritocratic society?Rule by those with merit, merit being intelligence plus effort; a society which social position is determined exclusively by ability and hard work
- 24Why have liberal thinkers disagreed over the implementation of justice through meritocracy?Some liberals believe that all aspects of luck , including natural ability, should be irrelevant to distributive justice, a position called "luck egalitarianism, Deorkin 2000
- 25What is toleration?Forbearance, willlingness to accept views or actions when disagreed with
- 26What is Voltaire's ionic quote on toleration?I detest what you say but I will defend to the death your right to say it
- 27Why do liberals disagree with archaists and believe in the need for the state?Liberals do not believe that a balanced and tolerant society will simply develop naturally out of the free actions of individuals and voluntary associations. Anarchists believe both law and government are unnecessary.
- 28What is the state of nature?A pre-political society, characterised by unrestrained freedom and the absence of established authority
- 29How did Hobbes describe life in the state of nature?Human life would be solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short
- 30What is the social contract?A (hypothetical) agreement among individuals through which they form a state in order to escape from the disorder and chaos of the sate naïve
- 31What two liberal attitudes did it establish?1. Political authority comes in a sense "from below"
2. The state acts as an umpire or neutral referee to society - 32What are the three internal constraints on a government to ensure its power is checked and balance?1. Applying the doctrine of the separation of powers, Montesquieu
2. Cabinet government
3. Parliamentary government
4. Bicameralism
5. Local government - 33Why should governmental power be checked this way?Prevents any individual or small group from gaining doctoral power by controlling the legislative, executive and judicial functions of government
- 34Define consentAssent or permission in politics usually an agreement to be governed or ruled
- 35How does this have an impact on the way liberals justify democracy?John Locke's theory of protective democracy, arguing that voting rights should be extended to the propertied, who could then defend their natural rights against government. If government, through taxation, posses the power to expropriate property, citizens are entitled to protect themselves by controlling the composition of the tax-making-body-thelegislature.
- 36Name six distinguishing features of a liberal democracy1.Regular and competitive elections
2.constaints on government
3. vigorous civil society
4.
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6. - 37What were the early liberal concerns over democracy?Danger of majority rule, political wisdom unequally distributed relating to education,overthrow of civilised society and moral order
- 38What was de Tocqueville's main democratic concern?The tyranny of the majority, democracy thus comes down to the rule of the 51%
- 39What is atomism, in reference to early liberalism?A belief that society is made up of a collection of self-interested and largely self-sufficient individuals, or atoms, rather than social groups
- 40What are the five key areas of classical liberalism?1.Natural rights
2. Utilitarianism
3.Economic liberalism
4. Social darwinism
5. Neo liberalism - 41What ate the two properties of human or natural rights?1. Establish the conditions for leading a truly human existence.Inalienable as human beings are entitled to them by the virtue of being human
2. An entitlement (moral or legal) to act or be treated in a particular way - 42What does utilitarianism stand for?Utility, a moral philosophy, equates good with pleasure or happiness and evil with pain or unhappiness
- 43What is a possible criticism of utilitarianism?Majoritarian implications , because it uses the happiness of the greatest number as a standard of what is morally correct, and therefore allows the interests of the majority outweigh those of the minority or the rights of the individual.
- 44Name two ideas Adam Smith proposed1.
2. - 45How would the market regulate itself without the government?Through the invisible hand
- 46What was the early liberal thought not the poverty stricken?"
- 47How does Darwinism play a role here?People who are best suited by nature to survive will rise to the top, where the less fit will fall to the bottom. Inequalities of wealth, social position and political power are then natural and inevitable
- 48Name three things which distinguish neoliberalism from Classical liberalism1.
2.
3. - 49What is market fundamentalism?An absolute faith in the market reflecting the belief that the market mechanism offers solutions to all economic and social problems
- 50What is Keynesianism?Critique of the economic anarchy of the lassie-faire capitalism. Associated with the narrow obsession of tax and spending policies .Reflects top down economic management
- 51name three neoliberal criticism which could be cited against Keynesianism1.
2.
3. - 52What brought about the development of a modern stand of liberalism?51-58
- 53What was wrong with classic liberal theory?"
- 54How did this lead to a rethink of the state's role in society?"
- 55What is individuality according to J S Mill?"
- 56Why did Mill disagree with Jeremy Bentham's utilitarian principles?"
- 57How is modern liberalism still similar to classical liberalism in terms of the individual?"
- 58How is it different?"
- 59Whose work led to a clear break from early liberal thought?T.H green, influenced a generation of new liberals
- 60What was his argument?Unrestrained pursuit of profit as advocated by classical liberalism had given a rise to new forms of poverty and injustice
- 61What is altruism in relation to the individual?Concern for the interests and welfare of others based either on enlightened self interest of belief in a common humanity
- 62What is positive freedom?Self mastery or self realisation, the achievement of autonomy or the development of human capacities
- 63How does it differentiate from negative freedom?Negativity freedom acknowledges only legal and physical constraints on liberty, positive freedom recognises that liberty may also be threatened by social disadvantage and inequality
- 64How can modern liberalism still be classified as liberalism?It did not place society before the individual
- 65What is the welfare state?A state that takes primary responsibility for social welfare of its citizens, distributed through a range of social security, health, education and other services
- 66Give four British examples of the welfare sate in action1.
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4. - 67What is John Rawl's difference principle?Social and economic inequalities should e arranged so as to benefit the least well off, recognising the need for some measure of inequality to find an incentive to work
- 68How is this liberal and not socialist?Rooted in assumptions of egoism and self interest rather than a belief in social solidarity
- 69Why did modern liberals reject the classic laissez-faire ideal?"
- 70What was the biggest example of this failure?The great depression of the 1930's sparked by the wall street crash n 1929
- 71Why did Jon Maynard keenness challenge the self-regulating market economy?1.
2. - 72How could government improve the economy through regulation and intervention?"
- 73How could government improve the economy through regulation and intervention?1.
2. - 74Name five differences between classic liberalism and modern liberalism1.
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5. - 75Why did some theorists, such as Francis Fukuyama proclaim the end of history in the 1990's1.
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3 - 76Why will challenges more than likely always arise for liberal democracy?59-63
- 77What challenges could liberal democracy face in the twenty-first century?1.
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- Descripción
- A level (Liberalism) Government and Politics Fichas sobre Liberalism flash cards, creado por Megan Stacey-Edwards el 19/12/2016.
- Creado por
- Megan Stacey-Edwards
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