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THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY 1815-1870
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- 1CODE NAPOLEON 1807-1815High taxation from the demands of war
Conscription into war
Torture was forbade
Large amount of Church land was sold - 2THE TREATY OF VIENNA TERMS 1815Mainly representative of Metternich
Imposed a conservative settlement
Stop nationalist sentiment
Oppose French influence - 3THE TREATY OF VIENNA IMPACTS 1815Piedmont: Victor Emmanuel restored absolutism and abolished Code Napoleon
Lombardy and Venice: dominated by Austria
Papal States: Code Napoleon mostly abolished, Austrian troops stationed there
Tuscany: Duke Ferdinand III improved education and allowed freedom of expression
Parma: Marie Louise ruled with a replica of Code Napoleon
Modena: Duke Francis IV was extremely repressive
Naples: Ferdinand I scraped liberal projects and restored Church power - 4THE FIRST REVOLUTIONS 1820-1821Naples: Carbonari members forced Ferdinand to agree to a constitution
Sicily: Palermo workers demanded a constitution
Piedmont: Carbonari members demanded a constitutional monarchy and set up a provisional government under Charles Albert
ALL REVOLUTIONS AND ACHIEVEMENTS WERE CRUSHED BY AUSTRIA UNDER THE TROPPAU DOCTRINE OF OCTOBER 1820 - 5THE SECOND REVOLUTIONS 1831Modena: Enrico Misley started a revolution
Papal States: revolutionaries wanted 'revolutionary liberalism' and Colonel Giuseppe led a revolution where a provisional government was set up
ALL REVOLUTIONS AND ACHIEVEMENTS WERE CRUSHED BY AUSTRIA UNDER THE TROPPAU DOCTRINE OF OCTOBER 1820 - 6YOUNG ITALY 1831A belief in democracy
An independent nation of 'free men and equals'
Inclusion of the South in union
Republicanism - 7INTELLECTUALS 1840sGioberti: wanted a federation under the Pope (Neo-Guelph) but without revolution
Balbo: wanted a federation under Piedmont with European diplomacy not revolution
D'Azeglio: wanted unification under Piedmont to be achieved through public/European opinion without revolution
Mazzini: wanted a republic under Piedmont with revolution
ALL INTELLECTUALS WANTED AUSTRIAN EXPULSION - 8THE THIRD REVOLUTIONS 1848-1849Sicily: miserableness provoked a revolution in Palermo and set up a provisional government which was later crushed by King Bomba
Naples: Ferdinand agreed to a constitution because Austria couldn't help him as Pope Pius didn't allow the troops to cross the Papal States
Lombardy: boycotted tobacco and Metternich reigned so the 'Five Days of Milan' was provoked, afterwards the provisional government asked Charles Albert for help
Venice: Daniel Manin's supporters begged for his release, after so a Venetian Republic was declared and asked Charles Albert for help
Tuscany: Duke Leopold granted a more democratic government and fled as the atmosphere was too radical (he returned after Piedmont's defeat at Novara) - 9POPE PIUS IX 1846-1848Ended Church censorship of the press
Created a civic guard
Set up a Council of State - The Consulta
APRIL 1848 ALLOCUTION: Pius refused to bless the War with Austria and dismissed the idea of himself leading an Italian federation - 10WAR WITH AUSTRIA 1848Piedmont declared war on Austria (he feared revolution spreading to Piedmont, French intervention and saw opportunity with Metternich resignation)
Piedmont won a couple of battles
Radetzky pressed for further conflict
Piedmont were defeated at Custozza and Novara
Charles Albert then abdicated - 11THE ROMAN REPUBLIC 1848-1849Pius fled Rome and Giuseppe Galletti exercised a revolutionary government
The macinato was abolished
Public works were programmed
A Constituent Assembly, Costituente, was founded
The Costitente declared a triumvirate including Mazzini to govern Rome
Pius called on Spain, France and Naples to crush the republic
Napoleon III sent 20,000 to Rome to crush the republic as he wanted to please French-Catholics - 12PIEDMONTESE DEVELOPMENT 1850sThe Statuto promised tax reform, free press and individual liberty
The Siccadi Laws limited Church power; seeking sanctuary and separate laws for religious figures were abolished and the ability for religious groups to buy land was restricted
Free Trade meant Piedmont engaged in trade with Portugal, France, Britain and Belgium
Developments in Piedmont included railways, the textile industry and foreign capital - 13THE CRIMEAN WAR 1854Britain and France declared war with Russia
Austria tried to remain neutral but signed the Four Points Agreement and joined Britain and France
It was beneficial for Piedmont that Austria had gained Russia as an enemy
French and British troops were struck by cholera and asked Piedmont to join the war
Victor Emmanuel II forced Cavour to send 15,000 troops to the Crimea
Russia sued for peace - 14THE CONGRESS OF PARIS 1856Piedmont attended the Congress of Paris
The 'Italian Question' was a topic of discussion
France and Britain were not prepared to alienate Austria for Piedmont
France and Britain were grateful for Piedmont's help - 15FRENCH INTENTIONS 1850sCavour wanted French aid to expel Austria
Napoleon sought to expand France through his demands for Nice and Savoy
France would have a level of influence in Italy
A federation under the Pope was still possible
Orsini attempted to assassinate Napoleon and then appealed to him from jail to support Italian unity - 16PLOMBIERES 1858A secret meeting between Piedmont and France
France would give 200,000 troops
Italy was to be divided as The Kingdom of Upper Italy, The Kingdom of Central Italy, Rome and The Kingdom of Naples
France would gain Nice and Savoy
Victor Emmanuel II's daughter would marry Prince Jerome Bonaparte - 17WAR WITH AUSTRIA 1859France only sent about 100,000 troops
Piedmont had about 60,000 troops
Europe did not back the war, to them, French dominance in Italy was as equally undesirable as Austria dominance
Piedmont had two significant victories at Magenta and Solferino
Napoleon sued for peace with Austria - 18VILLAFRANCA 1859Napoleon feared French Catholic opinion and the victory of the National Society would probably overthrow the papacy
A Prussian army had started to gather near the Rhine
Austria gave France Lombardy
Piedmont was not to be given control of the Central Duchies
A confederation under the Pope was to be set up - 19THE TREATY OF TURIN 1860A deal between Napoleon and Cavour
Piedmont would give France Savoy and Nice
France would give Piedmont Lombardy
Piedmont would annex the Central Duchies through plebiscites - 20PLEBISCITES 1860Males over 21 could vote for either annexation to the constitutional monarchy of Victor Emmanuel II or a 'separate kingdom'
The votes were overwhelming towards annexation, presumable fixed through intimidation - 21GARIBALDI'S THOUSAND 1860Garibaldi was to 'liberate Italy in the name of Victor Emmanuel II'
He landed in Sicily in May 1860
He landed in the mainland in August 1860
Garibaldi defeated the Neapolitan army at Volturno in October 1860 - 22MORE PLEBISCITES 1860The question of 'One Italy, Victor Emmanuel: yes or no?'
Overwhelming results for 'yes'
Presumably fixed again through intimidation - 23FOREIGN REACTION TO UNITY 1860Austria: reinforced troops in Venice
Russia: broke off diplomatic relations with Piedmont
France: expressed worry over the papacy being threatened
Britain: keen to deter European intervention of disrupting the unification process - 24POST-UNIFICATION DIFFICULTIES 1861-1870The North South divide
If Italy should be a federal or unitary state
A weak government
Economic integration of all states
Divisions between the Church and the new state
The issues with Rome and Venice - 25THE BRIGANDS WAR 1861-1865The Brigands War was in response to the poor South not being able to meet the new tax instated by Piedmont
Southern Civil liberties were repressed by Piedmontese troops (about 120,000) - 26THE CONSTITUTION 1861After Cavour's La Destra Party won the elections, a new constitution was adopted:
Victor Emmanuel was to be VE II, not VE I
The King was to be the sovereign body
Administrative structure was centralised
Piedmontese taxes, weights and measures and free trade laws were imposed on the rest of Italy - 27WEAK GOVERNMENT 1862Cavour's successor was Baron Ricasoli, who was succeeded by Urbano Rattazzi
Neither objected Garibaldi
Garibaldi set up the Society of the Emancipation of Italy and rallied the Sicilians and set for the mainland
Rattazzi was worried he would alienate the French and so blocked Garibaldi, whose army surrendered
Rattazzi was then sacked - 28BISMARCK, PRUSSIA AND VENICE 1862Prussia excluded Austria from trade agreements which ultimately led to Austrian decline
A Prussian-Italian alliance in 1866 entitled Italy to Venice if war was to happen in the next 3 months
A French-Austrian agreement in 1866 entitled France to Venice for neutrality in the next war
The Austrians were crushed by Prussia, Venice was given to France and then to Italy - 29BISMARCK, PRUSSIA AND ROME 1870Prussia started war with France and so the French troops moved out of Rome to fight
Giovanni Lanza's government seized Rome and it was declared the capital of Italy
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- Fichas sobre THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY 1815-1870, creado por sarahdaniels el 11/05/2014.
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