Fichas
Baddeley (1966) - cognitive classic
Fichas del conjunto (16)
- 1Aimto determine how long-term memory is affected by acoustic and semantic encoding
- 2What type of study?lab experiment
- 3Experimental design?independent groups
- 4PptsMen and women from the Applied Psychology Research Unit, Subject Panel
- 5How many experiments conducted and which one we're looking at?3
experiment 3 - 6How many groups of ppts?4 - randomly assigned to one list condition
- 7List A10 acoustically similar words e.g. cat hat
- 8List B10 acoustically dissimilar words e.g. ruler mug - matched in terms of frequency to list A (control group)
- 9List C10 semantically similar words e.g. large, collosal
- 10List D10 semantically dissimilar words e.g. good, huge, deep - matched in terms of frequency to list C (control group)
- 11ProcedureShown 10 words - 3 secs each.
Distractor task - 6 tasks involving memory of digits.
Given words and asked to recall in order in 1 min.
Results gathered - evidence for STM.
Repeat stages 1-4X4 - learning trials - LTM.
15 minute interference task - copying 8 digit sequences.
Surprise recall test of 10 words - order.
Results gathered - evidence for LTM. - 12Results - evidence for STMRecall of list A lower than list B - not a SD.
No difference for C and D
Acoustic encoding was initially difficult but didn't affect long term recall. - 13Results - evidence for LTMRecall of list C was 55% accurate and list D was 85% accurate - SD.
No difference for A and B.
LT recall was a lot worse for semantically similar words than semantically dissimilar words. Semantically dissimilar words are unrelated and aren't likely to be mixed up in recall. - 14ConclusionBecause acoustically similar words were initially more difficult to encode - suggests that STM is largely acoustic.
Later retest recall of list C was impaired compared to all other lists because they were semantically similar - suggests LTM is largely but not exclusively semantic. - 15StrengthsNo gender bias.
Highly controlled, lab experiment with standardised procedure (timing of visual stimulus) - high internal validity.
Good application - dementia and dyslexia.
No order effects due to Independent Groups design. - 16WeaknessesLow population validity - small sample, culture bias.
Ignores individual differences.
Low ecological validity.
Lack of mundane realism.
Possible psychological harm from embarrasment. Deception.