Bursate nematodes overview

Bursate

nematodes

Strongyloidea

Metastrongyloidea

Trichostrongyloidea

Equine strongylosis

Strongylus vulgaris

Cyathostomins

Hookworms

Ancylostoma

Syngamus trachea

Ostertagia ostertagi

Dictyocaulus viviporous

Teladorsagia circumcincta

Nematodirus battus

Haemonchus contortus

PGE sheep

Angiostrongylus vasorum

Life Cycle

- PGE cattle, direct LC

-Egg faeces, L1-L3 pasture, ingested, exsheeths rumen, develops abomasal gland

- PPP 18 days

Pathogenesis

- Decrease gastric gland mass = failure pepsinogen conversion

- Proliferation poorly differentiated cells = leaky cell jct

Clinical signs

- Hypoalbuminaemia, diarrhoea, anorexia, weight loss, sub-clin. diease

Epidemiology

-Larva survive overwinter pasture

- L3 increase in warm humid conditions

-Immunity- young stock disease

- Type 1 disease: 2nd half grazing season

- Type 2 disease: Hypobiosis L4 in abomasum, re-emergence

-Lung worm, direct LC

- L1 in faeces (NOT egg)

- L3 + pilobolus fungus disperse from faeces

- Strong immunity and vaccination

In host:

- Larvae migrate in circulation to alveoli

- Adults in bronchi = epithelial hyperplasia + bronchial exudates

- PPP 25 days

Clinical signs:

- Dyspnoea, hyperpnoea, coughing, nasal discharge, sudden death, long term growth stunting

- Treatment risks exaccerbation

Diagnosis

- Baermann method

- Serology: IgM or G

- Similar to Ostertagia ostertagi

- Diarrhoea + poor growth

- Peri-parturient rise (PPR)

- Lambs 2nd half summer

- Larvae development, SI disrupts mucosa= malabsorbtion and protein loss

- L3 develop fully in egg, hatch 11-17'c = flush L3 onto pasture (from eggs prev. spring)

- Lamb- lamb disease, diarrhoea, dehydration and death

- Eggs large and distinct

- Disease often pre-patent

- Increase cases in Autumn

-Abomasum, adults lacerate and feed on blood

- Large 2-3cm "barber pole"- red and white stripe female

- Anaemia, hypoproteinaemia, bottle jaw, weakness, death

- No diarrhoea (not if mixed burden though)

- High FEC

- Acute, sub-acute and chronic disease

- Partial immunity, short lived

- warm temp for quick infection

- Adults right ventricle and pulmonary arteries

- Eggs hatch, L1, alveoli, coughed up, swallowed, GIT, faeces

- DH: Dog foxes resevoir infection

- IH: gastropod molluscs (slugs)

- Paratenic hosts: frogs

Clinical signs:

- Coughing, dyspnoea

- Bleeding disorders, blood clotting

- Neuro, bleeding in CNS

- Lethargy, syncope, diarrhoea, lameness, poor growth

Diagnosis:

- L1 in faces- Baermann apparatus

- Kink/ tight coil in worms tail

- Radiology, serology for antigen

- Adult L.I. = ulceration and haemorrhage = protein loss, poor growth and loss body condition

- PPP several months

- Foal -foal disease, limited immunity

- Eggs passed faeces , L3 pasture, ingested, penetrate S.I, migrate up arteries

- Forms nodules artery wall, thrombus, embolism= Thromboembolic colic

- Mature, migrate back, penetrate gut lumen

- Small red worms/ strongyls, Direct L.C., No migration

- Larvae development L.I. sub mucosa, adults feed mucosa= PGE like diease

-Hypobiotic arrest winter, re-emergence = ALC Acute Larvae Cyathostomins

- Anorexia, wight loss, diarrhoea

- S.I. dog

- Plug feeder- anaemia

- Direct L.C. - L3 infective. ingestion/ skin penetration, vertical transmission

- Cutaneous Larva Migrans

- Gapeworm in fowl

- Paratenic host: earth worm