Chemistry C1 (Edexcel) Core

Chemistry C1 (Edexcel) Core

1. Atoms

   • Electrons
     • Move Around the Nucleus
     • Negative Charge -1
     • 2 Atoms in the first Shell 8 in the rest E.G oxygen (8 Electrons) 2 on the inner 6 on the next
   • Nucleus
     • Centre of an Atom
     • Contains Protons and Neutrons
     • Positive Charge +1 Negative Charge 0
     • Almost whole mass of atom is concentrated here
   • Protons
     • Equal but opposite charges
     • Same number of electrons and protons in an atom

2. Elements

   • Only have 1 type of atom.
   • Each element has a different number of protons

3. Mixtures and Compunds

   • Mixtures are easily seperated
   • Compounds are chemically bonded
   • properties of compounds are different to original element
   • Naming Compounds 1) when two different elements combine, the compounds name is something-IDE 2) When three or more elements combine, and one of them is oxygen the compounds name is something ATE

4. Chemical Reactions

   • Exothermic Reactions
     • Exothermic reactions give out heat to surroundings and are shown by a rise in temperature
   • Endothermic Reactions
     • Endothermic Reactions take in heat from the surrounding, and are shown by a fall in temperatre

5. Periodic Table

   • Elements are put in order of increasing atomic number
   • Dimitri Mendeleev made the table of elements 1869
     • Gaps in his table predicted properties of undiscovered elements
   • Periods
     • Rows are called Periods
     • Properties of elements change as you go along a period
   • Groups
     • columns are called groups
     • properties of elements have similar properties because they have the same number of electrons in the outer shell
     • properties of elements gradually change as you go down a group.

6. Common Substances and ions

   • Water (H2O)
     • Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
       • Carbon Monoxide (CO)
         • Sodium Hydroxide (naoh)
           • Ammonie (nh3)
             • Methane (ch4)
               • Sodium Hydroxide Carbonate (nahco3)
   • Positive Ions +1
     • Hydrogen (H)
     • Silver (AG)
     • all the first group of metals
   • Positive Ions +2
     • Iron (II) (FE)
     • Copper (II) (Cu)
     • Zinc (Zn)
     • All the second group of metals
   • Positive ions +3
     • Aluminium (AL)
     • Ion (III)
   • Negative Ions -2
     • Oxide (O)
     • Sulphide (S)
     • Carbonate (CO3)
     • Sulphate (SO4)
   • Negative -1
     • Hydroxide (OH)
     • Nitrate (NO3)
     • All of the seventh group of metals

7. Alkali Metals (Group 1)

   • They have one electron on the outer shell and want to get rid of it so they are very active
   • Elements further down the group are more reactive because the extra electron if further from the nucleus.
   • Elements in group 1 are more reactive as the atomic number increases.
   • Alkali Metal + water -----> Metal Hydroxide + Hydrogen

8. The Halogens (Group 7)

   • Halogens are used in toothpaste and non-stick coasting on frying pans
   • On their own they are poisonous
   • Chlorine is used to kill bacteria and is used in bleach and swimming pools.
   • Iodine is used as an antiseptic
   • Aas the atomic number increases the elements get darker and have a higher boiling point
   • the higher up group 7 the element is, the more reactive it is.
   • Halogens move around in pairs, they are diatomic
   • Metals + Halogen = Salt (Metal Halide)
     • E.G Aluminium + Chlorine = Aluminium ChlorIDE
   • Fluorine (F) , Pale Yellow Gas.
     • Chlorine (CL), Pale Green Gas
       • Bromine (BR), Dark Red Liquid
         • Iodine (I) Purple Black Liquid
           • Astatine (AT) Grey-Black Solid

9. Noble Gases (Group O)

   • Colourless at room temperature.
   • Inert full outer shell so they don't react
   • Neon is used in electric discharge tubes (red Light)
   • Helium neon and argon are used in lasers
   • Helium is used in airships and party balloons
   • Argon is used in Filament laps (Light Bulbs)

10. Precipitates

    • Cobalt - Blue (turns grey when left standing.
    • Copper - Pale Blue
    • Iron (II) Dark green (Turns orange brown when left standing)
    • Iron (III) - Orange Brown
    • Manganese - Pale Brown
    • Nickel - Green
    • Zinc- White

11. Flame Test Colours

    • Lithium RED
    • Sodium INTENSE YELLOOW
    • Potassium LILAC
    • Calcium BRICK RED
    • Barium PALE GREEN
    • Copper GREEN BLUE

12. Acids and Bases.

    • Alkalis are Soluble
    • Citric Acid - Food Additive to add sour taste to foods and soft drinks
    • Ethanoic Acid - Acid in Vinegar. Used in bottles and photographic film and wood glue. diluted ethanoic acid is used as a descaling agent for kettle.
    • Hydrochloric acid - Plastics. used to process steel. Dilute solutions used for cleaning, stomach acid
    • Phosphoric Acid - production of petrol, nylon and detergents
    • Ammonia Fertilizers - used in manufacturing of nitric acid and sodium carbonate. Dilute Ammonia used for cleaning.
    • Sodium Hydroxide - Caustic Soda. Used to make Bleach and other cleaning products E.G drain unblocker. used in soap, paper and textile manufacture

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