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Child development: topic 3

1. Contraception

   • Diaphragm: Placed as a barrier over the cervix-92-95% effective
     • Female condom: Placed inside the vagina to prevent sperm entering the vagina-95% effective
       • The male condom: Placed over the penis to stop sperm entering the vagina-98% effective
     • IUS: Prevents implantation of a fertilised egg and releases progestogen-99+% effective
       • IUD: Prevents the implantation of a fertilised egg-98% effective
         • Combined pill: Contains oestrogen and progesterone-100% effective
           • Mini pill: Contains progesterone- 99% effective
           • Contraceptive implant: Releases progestogen- 99% effective
             • Contraceptive injection: Releases progestogen- 99% effective
               • Contraceptive patch: a patch placed on arm, buttocks or abdomen that releases oestrogen and progestogen- 99% effective

2. Sterilisation

   • Women can get sterilised in 3 different ways
     • 1. Cauterised- A small portion of the fallopian tube is divided and sealed with heat
       • 2. Tied and cut: The fallopian tube is cut and tied
         • 3. Banded: a small loop of the fallopian tube is pulled through a band and then clamped
   • When men are sterilised, the tubes that carry sperm are cut, blocked or sealed with heat

3. Pre-conceptual care

   • Avoid using drugs, alcohol and cigarettes
     • Mother should be fit and healthy
       • Should stop using contraception
         • Should be checked for STI's
           • Check that the mother is immune to Rubella and Polio

4. Multiple pregnancies

   • Identical twins are formed from one egg and one sperm, they share a placenta but have separate amniotic sacs
     • Fraternal twins are formed from 2 eggs and 2 sperms, the have their own placentas and amniotic sacs

5. Factors affecting foetal development

   • Smoking- Baby gets low supply of oxygen, risk of premature birth, low birth weight, miscarriage, stillbirth, learning difficulties, SIDS
   • Drugs- Physical abnormalities, born addicted, low birth weight, high pitched cry, difficult to settle, withdrawal symptoms
   • Alcohol- Increased risk of foetal alcohol syndrome, low birth weight, addiction and affected brain and nervous system
   • Infectious diseases- Rubella= Risk of blindness, deafness, heart defects or brain damage. Chicken pox can cause brain damage
   • Other diseases- Toxoplasmosis can affect nervous system and eyes, Listeriosis can cause miscarriage, still birth or a very ill baby

6. Antenatal care

   • Urine
     • Uterus
       • Legs
         • Weight
           • Blood pressure
             • Blood

7. Ultrasound scans

   • First scan (10-18weeks)
   • Anomaly scan (18-21weeks)
   • Doppler ultrasound (26weeks+)