Infection and Response

Infection and Response

1. White blood cell response

   • White blood cells know if a substance is foreign
     • Due to antigens
   • Lymphocytes make antibodies to fit antigens
     • The antibodies stick to the pathogen
       • Bacteria then clumps together
         • The phagocyte engulfs this
   • Antitoxins
     • White blood cells also produce antitoxins for defence
       • Our antitoxins neutralise the pathogens toxins

2. Pathogens

   • Virus
     • Attatchment: virus attatches to host
       • Penetration: injects viral genetic material to host
         • Uncoating: the viral DNA incorpoates to the hosts DNA
           • Replication
             • Assembly: new protein coats are assembled
               • Release: The new virus' are released breaking tissues
     • Measles
   • Fungi
     • Rose black spot
       • Black spots prevent photosynthesis
       • Starts from the bottom and spreads up
       • Common treatement is to remove infected leafs
   • Protist
     • Malaria
       • Transmitted by female mosquitos
       • Symptoms include fever, sweating, fatigue, vomiting
       • Long term affects are yellow skin, seizures, comas and death
   • Bacteria
     • Gonorrhoea
       • Transmitted through unprotected sex
       • Treated through an antibiotic injection and tablet
       • Prevented through contraception
       • Symptoms include thick yellow discharge pain when urinating and blood between periods
     • Salmonella
       • Transmitted through eating contaminated food
       • A type of food poisoning
       • Symptoms include diahorroea vomiting & fever
       • Prevented through cleanliness food & separation

3. Treatment & Prevention

   • Vaccine
     • Injects a small amount of the dead pathogen into the human
       • The body makes antibodies that are complementry to it
         • Next time the bacteria enters the body it can fight it off much quicker
           • It produces the antibodies in greater numbers and faster
   • Antibiotics
     • Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics
       • Due to mutations
       • They then multiply and cannot be destroyed by antibiotics
     • Used to kill bacteria
   • Monoclonal antibodies
     • Specific single clone of cells
       • Targets certain cancers
       • Diagnoses pregnancy
         • Binds to HCG hormone
           • Indicates pregnancy

4. Communicable diseases

   • Caused by micro organisms
     • During incubation there are no symptoms
       • While they do most harmful damage to cells you feel symptoms
         • Then the immune system kicks in and the damage done decreases and so do symptoms
   • 1, Gain entry
     • Colonise
       • Resist defences
         • Damage tissues