19th century social reform

19th century social reform

1. 2ND GREAT AWAKENING

   • Possible causes
     • Death of Deference
     • untethered nature of society motivates people to find new communities
     • Fear and Hope
     • The Holy Spirit
   • Machinery of the movement
     • Camp Meetings
     • Circuit riders
     • Charismatic Leaders
     • Innovation of Urban Revival
   • Reorganization of Christianity in the U. S.
     • Allegiance moves from church to denomination
     • Little churches grow large
     • New denominations
     • Unorthodox developments
       • Mormons
       • SDAs
       • Shakers

2. EDUCATIONAL REFORM

   • Enlightenment reforms
     • Public Schools
       • Horace Mann
       • Federally funded buildings
       • Standardized curriculum
       • Paid teachers
     • Private Schools
       • Bronson Alcott
       • Invented recess
       • Students owned books
       • no corporal punishment
   • Romantic Reforms
     • Samuel Gridley Howe
     • Laura Bridgeman
     • Education of the blind and deaf
       • Questions Lockian principles of empiricism

3. TEMPERANCE

   • Washington societies appeal to patriotism and virtue
     • Temperance societies more successful than laws
   • Temperance laws
     • Maine
     • Massachussets
     • Rhode Island
     • Vermont
     • Connecticut
     • Mississippi
     • New York
     • Pennsylvania
     • Texas

4. WOMEN'S RIGHTS

   • At the time:
     • Civil death
     • nonexistent political status w/ exception of NJ
     • Economic status: all wealth belongs to husband/father
   • ORIGINS OF MOVEMENT
     • Revolutionary thought
     • Industrial revolution
     • Reform involvement
     • The cult of true womanhood
       • SEPARATE SPHERES
         • PROS
           • In context it was a way to deal with disintegration of authority in the full realization that equality was not possible
           • Attitude primarily cast for women, by women
           • halfway house to fully realized citizenship and could be the launching point for real reform and movement towards equality
         • CONS
           • exaggerated both physical and mental variation (presumption w/o proof)
           • appears to be absolute, w/ no overlap
           • Only possible for urban middle class/wealthy
           • Biblical support is selective
         • Proponents
           • Catharine Beecher
           • Susan Fennimore Cooper
     • Seneca Falls conference
   • Early protestors
     • Anne Hutchinson
     • Judith Sargent Murray
     • Mary Wollstonecraft

5. ABOLITIONISM

   • Early anti-slavery voices
     • Puritan witch judge, Samuel Sewell
     • Quakers
     • Revolutionary Rhetoric
     • Religious groups
     • Individuals
     • Societies
   • BARRIERS TO EMANCIPATION
     • New states
       • religious toleration
     • In the North
       • not interested in active opposition
       • Support fugitive slave law
       • Invested in slavery through industry
     • In the South
       • shift in logic
       • Defensiveness
   • American Colonization Society
   • Roots of Radical Abolitionism after 1830
     • Principles Christian Resistance
       • newspapers
     • Disillusionment with colonization society
     • South turns to a positive defense of slavery
     • International examples in Mexico and Britain
     • Moral impulse in reform and revival
     • Failure of VA convention
     • Nat Turner Rebellion
     • American Anti-Slavery Society
       • Creation of Society in Philadelphia
       • Condemns slavery on moral grounds
       • Abolitionist presses like Garrison and society's own
       • Tactics: pamphlets and lecture circuits
         • women's role grows
         • Gag rule
       • Divisions
         • Over women's role
         • Over pacifism/use of politics
       • Slave narratives
         • Ball
         • Truth
         • Douglass

6. ENLIGHTENMENT IDEALS

   • Elitist
   • Paternalistic/deferential
   • Head matter
   • Appeal to natural law
   • Incremental change

7. ROMANTIC REFORM

   • Appeal to common people
   • Heart matter
   • Absolute and radical change