Social Learning Theory

Social Learning Theory

1. Definitions

   • SLT - way of explaining behaviour that includes both direct and indirect reinforcement, combining learning theory with the role of cognitive factors
   • Imitation - copying the behaviour of others
   • Identification - when observer associates themselves with role model and wants to be like a role model
   • Modelling - from the observer's perspective, modelling is imitating the behaviour of a role model.
   • Vicarious reinforcement - reinforcement which is not directly experienced but occurs through observing someone else being reinforced for a behaviour
   • Mediational processes - cognitive factors that influence learning and come between stimulus and response

2. Assumptions

   • Bandura agreed with behaviourists
   • But his SLT said that people learn through observation and imitation of others within a social context
   • The SLT suggested that learning occurs directly through classical and operant conditioning but also indirectly

3. Vicarious Reinforcement

   • Need to observe others for indirect learning to take place
   • Imitation only occurs if behaviour is seen to be rewarded rather than punished
   • Thus, the learner observes a behaviour but mostly important observes the consequence of a behaviour

4. Role of Mediational Process

   • Attention, Retention, Motor Reproduction, Motivation
   • 'Bridge' between traditional learning theory and cognitive approach
   • Focuses on cognitive factors are involved in learning
   • Mental factors mediate in the learning process to determine whether a new response is acquired
   • Observed behaviour may be stored and reproduced at a later time as the learning and performance behaviour do not need to work together

5. Identification

   • People more likely imitate the behaviour of role models
   • Process called modelling
   • Person becomes a role model if they're seen to possess similar traits to the observer
   • Role model may not be physically present in their environment but can still influence the observer, through media

6. Evaluation

   • Neither classical or operant consider the idea that humans learn on their own and the SLT provides more comprehensive explanation of human learning by recognising the role of mediational processes
   • Over-reliance of evidence from lab studies as they may respond to demand characteristics
   • The SLT underestimates the influence of biology as boys would be more aggressive than the girls to the doll due to testosterone
   • It explains cultural differences in behaviour as children learn from who is around them
   • Less determinist than the behaviourist approach as it emphasises reciprocal determinism that we also influence our environment which suggests there is some free will involved