Public Speaking

Public Speaking

1. Communication

   • sender/ speaker
   • message
   • receiver/ listener
   • 3 Benefits
     • Personal
     • Professional
     • Social
   • Process
     • People
       • Frame of Reference: sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values and attitudes
     • Messages
       • verbal / non- verbal
     • Channel
     • Interference
       • internal / external
     • Feedback
       • verbal / non-verbal
     • Context
       • comm. happens here
   • 3 Models
     • Actional
     • Interactional
     • Transactional
       • most effective

2. Developing Confidence

   • Communication Apprehension: an individual's fear or anxiety associated w/ real or anticipated comm. w/ others commonly known as being nervous
     • 3 Causes:
       • Heredity
       • Learned
       • Skills Deficit
         • Self Awareness: occurs when you begin to reflect on your perceptions of yourself and on the perceptions of other
           • Self Concept: how you see yourself
             • Self Image: self description
             • Self Esteem: worth
             • Jahari Window

3. Ethical Standards

   • Political
   • Human
   • Dialogic
   • Situational
   • Plagiarism
     • Intentional
       • Global
         • entire work
       • Patchwork
         • key words/ phrases
     • Unintentional
     • occurs when you present someone else's words or ideas as your own
   • Moral

4. Perception & Self Concept

   • perception: process by which we select, organize, and interpret the world around us
   • STEPS
     • Select: calling attention to whatever we're thinking about
     • Organize: make sense of what's happening
     • Interpret: assigning meaning to events around you through closure and context

5. Topic Selection

   • 3 things to consider:
     • Ourselves
     • Audience
     • Occasion
   • Types of Speeches:
     • Informative
     • Persuasive
     • Entertainment
       • not usually prepared
   • Further Breakdown
     • General
       • overall intent of the message
     • Specific
       • determined by topic
     • Thesis Statement
       • provides overview of entire presentation

6. Audience Analysis

   • the process by which we gather and analyze information about our audience and adapt our message to their knowledge, interest, attitudes, and beliefs
   • before
   • before, during, after
   • When to analyze:
   • Audience Centeredness
   • Demographics: age, gender, religion, etc.
   • 6 Factors to Consider
     • size
     • setting
     • type
     • interests
     • knowledge
     • attitudes

7. Gathering Materials

   • Supporting Material
     • Statistics
       • Analogies
         • Fact
           • Example
             • Testimony

8. Organizing Ideas

   • Organizational Patterns:
     • Chronological
       • in order
     • Spatial
       • according to place or position
     • Causal
       • cause/effect
     • Topical
   • Transitions
     • Signpost
       • signal the next point
       • "first, next, third"
       • phrases

9. Intro & Conclusion

   • Introduction
     • Attention Getter
       • Relevance
         • Credibility
           • Preview
   • Conclusion
     • Goals
       • Summary
       • Memorable Close
     • Elements
       • Signal end of speech
         • Reinforce central idea
           • Summarize
             • End with quotation
               • Make dramatic statement
                 • Refer to Intro

10. Outlining

    • Preperation Outline
      • full sentences/ follow exact order
    • Speaking Outline
      • notes/ used to jog your memory during speech

11. Language

    • Connotation
      • variable, figurative, and subjective, suggests or implies something, meaning suggested by emotion
    • Denotation
      • precise, literal, and objective, dictionary definition

12. Delivery

    • conveys the speaker's ideas clearly, interestingly, and w/o distracting the audience
      • "conversational quality"
      • Speaker's Voice
        • volume
          • pitch
            • inflections
              • avoid monotone
                • rate
                  • pauses
                    • vocal variety
      • Speaker's body
        • personal appearance
          • movement
            • gestures
              • eye contact
    • Methods
      • Reading from a manuscript
      • Reciting from memory
      • Speaking Impomptu
      • Speaking etemporaneously

13. Visual Aids

    • visual literacy: the ability to interpret visual messages

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