Memory

Memory

1. Short-Term Memory Processes and neural correlates

   • Encoding: early process done by repetition and organization
   • Consolidation: encoded info moves to a permanant storage space. medial (inside) temporal lobe
   • Storage: how we hold info for future use. No specific neural correlate
   • Retrieval: grab info from storage for use (measure with delayed recall). Frontal lobe = implement strategies for retrieval. Hippocampi = hold multiple pieces of info in short term while retrieval is occuring

2. Working Memory

   • Type of short term memory. It is a rehearsal space to manipulate info in
   • Baddeley says there is a central executive network of attention for working memory to coordinate 2 slave systems

3. Parts of central executive network of attention

   • Visuospatial Sketchpad: visual info. Occipital and Parietal Lobes (orienting and spatial orientation) and right hemisphere
   • Phonological Loop: Auditory info. Left temporal and parietal lobes (near supramarginal gyrus). Subvocal rehearsal: broca's area and cerebellum
     • Span tasks measure the span of your short-term memory specifically the phonological loop
   • central executive network of attention neural correlates
     • bilateral frontoparietal regions, prefrontal cortex, connections to subcortical areas

4. Memory Buffer = holds overflow when 2 other systems run out of space. Primarily frontal lobe

5. Episodic/Declarative Memory

   • info you can consciously declare - general knowledge, semantic memory, facts about world and self
   • Subtypes of episodic/declarative memory
     • Semantic: (temporal control)
     • Episodic: autobiographic info (medial temporal lobe, hippocampi, and amygdalae
   • Implicit/Non-Declarative Memory
     • info you cant say to prove you have memory of
     • Subtypes of implicit memory
       • Procedural: basal ganglia. Motor skill = motor cortex and premotor cortex. Cognitive skill = sensory cortex (strategies to win a game)
       • Priming: facilitates a response prior to exposure. Primary sensory cortex
       • Classical Conditioning: cerebellum

6. Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test

   • most basic type of memory test. AOx3 = person, place, time. AOx4 = +situation
   • Ross info P has a geriatric version
   • Repeatable battery of assessment of neuropsychological status
     • Recognition, free recall, delayed recall, forced choice recall
   • Types of amnesia:
     • Anterograde: can remember old stuff but not new (similar to alzheimer's
     • Retrograde: lose memories from before onset
     • Post-traumatic: combo of other two
     • Treatments for Amnesia
       • Observe and encourage any strategies being used (more active strategies= greater likelihood of learning)

7. Types of memory assessed

   • prospective: remembering to carry out a task at a later time (rostral and prefrontal)
   • Nonverbal: intermediate or delayed recall drawing from memory, singing, figure copying

8. Disorders that can impact memory

   • Epilepsy and depression