Mapa mental
The East
Contenido del mapa
The East
Trade
- highly cultivated, fruitful and wealthy
- luxary goods exported
- flourishing textiles industry
- maths, science, medicine and education highly advanced
- Was a point of contact east/west
- Europe wanted spices
- for pleasure
- to preserve food
- Jew/Arab merchants didn't go to western ports
- Italian ports were middle men
- Genoa, Venice, Pisa
- Very rich
- came with tales of wealth of arabia
- westerners envied this
- Genoa, Venice, Pisa
- Italian ports were middle men
- Europe wanted spices
- highly cultivated, fruitful and wealthy
Byzantine Empire
- Orthodox Christianity
- Leader - Patriarch of Constantinople
- 1054 Great Schism
- Papal Primacy
- Lack of trust East/West
- Byzantine Emperor
- By 1050 was in decline
- previously, peasants who lived on emperor's land
- served in his army
- but emperors sold land to rich families
- less peasants for military
- weakened army when Byzantium needed it
- 1015 - South Italy taken by Normans
- North pagan tribes crossed river Danube in 1050s
- settled in empire
- South - Seljuks by 1077 controlled Anatolia
- Sultanate of Rum
- weakened army when Byzantium needed it
- less peasants for military
- but emperors sold land to rich families
- served in his army
- Problems of empire
- from 1025-81 there were 13 emperors
- 8 in power less than 3 years
- 5 deposed
- 1 murdered
- 1 forced abdication
- office not hereditary
- coups from civil service
- 8 in power less than 3 years
- Tension between aristocracy and civil service
- emperors from civil service neglected army
- to curb power of land owning aristocrats
- military resources inadequate
- Jotischky: 'powerful cliques to challenge the emperor'
- to curb power of land owning aristocrats
- emperors from civil service neglected army
- Alexius Comnenus I
- Emperor Feb 1081-1118
- Political Problems
- 1094 Nikephoros Diogenes plot to kill him
- exiled and blinded him
- insecure position
- lack of trust in old aristocratic families
- promoted new loyal families
- lack of trust in old aristocratic families
- 1094 Nikephoros Diogenes plot to kill him
- Death of Guiscard 1085
- 1071 - took Bari (last possession in Italy)
- 1081 - planning full invasion of Balkans
- claiming to be upholding rights of former emperor
- Michael VII Doukas
- who started alliance with him in 1074
- worried Alexius as other families
- victory over Guiscard would put Byzantine society behind Alexius
- play on distaste for Papacy
- victory over Guiscard would put Byzantine society behind Alexius
- Michael VII Doukas
- blessed by Pope!
- aiming for important rich (taxy!) Greek lands
- only place with functioning admin system
- But Venetian fleet defeated Normans besieging Dyrrakhion
- But then Byzantines defeated in land battle
- Alexius I narrowly escapes
- But then Byzantines defeated in land battle
- claiming to be upholding rights of former emperor
- 1085 - Urban II Pope in 1088
- 1089 - lifted Alexius's excommunication from 1078
- Normans soon surrender
- Go back to Civil War
- Pagan Tribes
- 1084 - money on mercenaries
- counter Pagans occupying northern lands
- from 1050s
- by 1091 tribes completely defeated
- counter Pagans occupying northern lands
- 1084 - money on mercenaries
- Economic
- funding military campaigns
- cost in manpower
- diverted men away from agriculture
- low yields, falling taxes and rising prices
- 2 annual harvests in some regions due to climate
- low yields, falling taxes and rising prices
- diverted men away from agriculture
- cost in manpower
- Henry IV 360,000 gold coin alliance
- Action
- salary cuts or freezes
- tax increases
- Monastries subject to Epibole
- tax on landowners
- Monastries subject to Epibole
- confiscation of land
- church treasures
- 1092 - reformed currency
- hyperpyron - high value coin
- battered by debasements
- delibrate policy to respond to greater demand
- Incentives for Venetian traders
- no taxes
- markets supplied crusaders
- several thousand settled in Constantinple
- funding military campaigns
- from 1025-81 there were 13 emperors
- previously, peasants who lived on emperor's land
- Orthodox Christianity
The Muslim World
- Muslim Divsions
- Southern Spain + North Africa
- Umayyad's from Granada
- in war with Christian Kings of Europe
- Reconquista
- Shia
- in war with Christian Kings of Europe
- Umayyad's from Granada
- Fatamids of Egypt Cairo
- Shia
- Abbasids of Mesopotamia (Iraq/Holy Land)
- Sunni
- Sunni + Shi'a
- Capliph - Religous and Secular Ruler
- Sunni thought Abu Bakr - Muhammads friend was Caliph
- Shi'a thought his cousin who was married to his daughter Fatima was the one
- Southern Spain + North Africa
- Seljuk Turks
- 1040s - nomadic tribesmen from Central Asian
- infiltrated Abbasids (pacifist) society
- Assimilation process
- 1055 - Tughrul Beg became sultan of Baghdad
- claimed effective lordship of Sunni Islam
- Much of Syria was just left to power hungry warlords
- Abbasid (Caliph) weaknesses
- they allowed Seljuks in
- they allowed a general mix of ethnicities
- who became the Abbasid military force
- Mamluks
- slave soliders
- mercenaries
- Mamluks
- Islam HAD had a golden age under Abbasids'
- Pluralism wasn't working
- some provinces became autonomus
- they allowed Seljuks in
- population not bothered
- 1055 - Tughrul Beg became sultan of Baghdad
- Assimilation process
- Warlike character - agile archers
- feint manourve
- infiltrated Abbasids (pacifist) society
- Sultan Alp Arslan
- power to Atabegs + Viziers of regions
- died 1072
- Malik Shah died 1092
- civil war
- Tutish died in 1095
- Ridwan of Aleppo
- Duqaq of Damascus
- Egypt
- 1094 Fatimid Caliph dies
- Abbasid Caliph also dies
- Fatamids took Jerusalam in 1098
- 1094 Fatimid Caliph dies
- Kerbogha of Mosul
- Sultanate of Rum Kilkij Arslan
- Suluman then helped Byzantines internal sruggles 1078-80
- Tutish died in 1095
- France: Alexius could 'exploit complex situation'
- Frankopan: Alexius 'lost invaluable ally'
- civil war
- Battle of Manzikert 1071
- Romanus Diogenes
- crowned Jan 68
- Asbridge thought it was just a 'stringing setback'
- Jenkins 'Final disaster'
- Expanded into Anatolia
- Antioch taken 1085
- Expanded into Anatolia
- Romanus Diogenes
- Allowed many religions to Jerusalem
- 1079: Seljuks had taken all of Syria
- 1071 - Fatamids lose Jeruslame
- warfare made pilgramage diffi
- 1071 - Fatamids lose Jeruslame
- Assassins
- Shi'ite sect
- Wanted to stop Sunni Seljuks
- mountain fortress
- political murder & terror
- under infleunce of hashish
- Shi'ite sect
- 26th Aug1071 Battle of Manzikert DETAIL
- 60-70,000 Byzantines
- Andronicous Ducas commanded rearguard
- told his troops to flee
- Army split in two
- Tarchoniotes fled with 30/40,000 troops
- Romanus had army of the same size left
- he secured Manzikert
- but camp harassed by Seljuk mounted archers
- Turkish mercenaries fled
- Alp Arslan offers truce
- Seljuks don't like straight up battle
- Romanus rejects because it would be his only opportunity to defeat Seljuks
- would never again have that much of a force
- army destroyed by feint
- loads of people fled
- CONSEQUENCES
- Michael VII Ducas 1071-1078 becomes emperor
- didn't solve problems
- Economic problems
- inflation leads to riots
- cost of mercenaries tackle coups/Seljuks
- Gold nomisma lost 1/4 of it's value
- increased taxation
- ports under state control
- harmed local trade
- State monopoly on corn trade
- Landowners didn't want to sell so shortages
- Inflated prices
- resented locals
- Inflated prices
- Landowners didn't want to sell so shortages
- ports under state control
- Military/terroitorial
- Seljuks run over Anatolia 1077
- 1071 Guiscard captured Bari
- No internal military
- Balkan Pagans marched on Constaninple
- Political
- Norman - Roussel of Bailleur, betrayed emperor + made Norman State in Anatolia
- Nicephorus Bryennius rebelled November 1077
- Almost took Constaninople but another emperor came along and crowned himself
- Emperor Botaneiates was old military aristocrat
- fought Ducas's Seljuk Mercenaries
- Emperor Botaneiates was old military aristocrat
- Almost took Constaninople but another emperor came along and crowned himself
- Bryennius/Nicephorus lots of civil wars
- Michael VII Ducas 1071-1078 becomes emperor
- they walked into void
- Angold: they didn't have good intel
- Norwich thinks it wasn't Romanus's fault
- In 68/9 he led expeditions to east where he strengthened Byzantines against Alp Arslan
- Some defected
- Cumans weren't paid
- he left camp open!
- Alp Arslan offers truce
- Turkish mercenaries fled
- but camp harassed by Seljuk mounted archers
- Norwich: 'Ducas bitterely resented Romanus'
- he secured Manzikert
- may be due to ducas
- Romanus had army of the same size left
- Tarchoniotes fled with 30/40,000 troops
- 1040s - nomadic tribesmen from Central Asian
- 640 AD Muslims took Jerusalem
- Muslim Divsions
Información
- Descripción
- AS - Level (Crusades Year 1) History Mapa Mental sobre The East, creado por Oliver Callaghan el 24/01/2016.
- Creado por
- Oliver Callaghan · ene 2016
- Actualizado
- 7 jun 2017
- Visitas
- 18
- Valoración