Mapa mental
More foundation of Outremer
Mind map: More foundation of Outremer
Contenido del mapa
More foundation of Outremer
Defending Outremer
- manpower problems
- strong fortification garrisoned by small number of men
- money raised used for mercenaries
- lords on armed pilgramages - temporary army
- but hard to control - Fulk of Anjou
- 1101, 08, 20
- use of feudal system as money & land fiefs
- church & towns - quotas of sergeants
- light cav recruited from local christians
- Pisa/Genoa/Venice
- Standing army of Military Orders
- Family links with west - raymond of poitiers as son
- Military tactics
- rigid/tight knit lines - stopped turks breaking Frankish lines
- needed lots of frankish discipline against missiles & feint
- formation on march
- well supplied bases & supply columns
- intelligence system - offset lack of maps
- cav tactics by squadron
- but rare due to expense of horses
- professional infantry
- retreated to fortified place
- risk of battle (Harran 1104 .. Blood & Ramla)
- wanted to save manpower
- risk of battle (Harran 1104 .. Blood & Ramla)
- rigid/tight knit lines - stopped turks breaking Frankish lines
- Castles
- restored & enlarged town walls
- Baldwin I Montreal Castle 1115
- control Dead Sea valleys and Gulf of Aqaba
- reinforced walls of Jerusalem 1116
- Baldwin I Montreal Castle 1115
- Defensive role
- to protect routes of communcication ,trade and protection for local population
- observation posts to check enemy movements at mountain passes, river crossings and on coast
- Krak des Chevaliers dominated Homs Pass in Tripoli
- Bagras Castle Beylan Pass Antioch
- Ibelin/Blanchegarde on Egyptian border between Gaza & Jerusalem
- Gaza guarded road between Jerusalem & Egypt
- Belvior Castle for eastern edge of Jerusalem & Rover Jordan Valley
- Offensive
- base for garrisons
- raided enemy territory
- supply dumps
- Admin
- bases for collection of taxes
- held council of princes
- Economic - centres of trade & markets
- Symbolic - relation to indestructibility of Outremer
- Ellenblum's research
- first gen castles 1099-1115
- fortified 20 existing castles
- eight new ones
- mainly in settlements they took from Muslims
- 2nd gen castles 1115-1169
- new castles in rural & remote areas
- centres of agriculture
- relative carm - more bothered about admin & economics
- centres of agriculture
- Phillips argues castles built to south of kingdom more defensive
- from Fatimid Egyptians
- Arnaldi 32-33
- new castles in rural & remote areas
- first gen castles 1099-1115
- Built by kings
- restored & enlarged town walls
- Military Orders
- Knights Templar
- founded by knight Hugh of Payens
- Baldwin I gave them house that was Temple of Solomon
- white robe - left dark life behind them
- monastic vow of poverty, chastitiy & obedience
- answered to Pope only (God)
- Main Duties
- protect travelling pilgrims
- guides & escorts
- given many castles and land holdings
- castles of Bagras in Anticoh given 1130s
- controlled Baylan Pass
- main route through northern syria
- controlled Baylan Pass
- 1139 to 1145
- Templars given special privilages by Pope
- tithe (church tax) exemptions
- owned 35% land middle east
- pilgrims fuel economic & richer ones deposited money - templars had Louis VII France in debt in 1147
- Templars given special privilages by Pope
- Great knowlefge of holy places
- 1120 recognised
- Knights Hospitallers
- cared for sick & injured pilgrims
- given land by Baldwin I
- 1119 recognised as independant order
- monastic vow poverty, chasitity & obedience
- loyal to pope
- role
- Philips argues that they didn't do much medical stuff but just gave caring enviroment for weary & undernourished pilgrims
- 1119 they began to protect pilgrims from attack
- included soldiers in it
- semi-monastic + semi-military
- fufill knights dilema
- 1136 King Fulk gave Bethgiblin Castle
- tax exemptions so wealthy
- but sometimes they pursued their own interests
- Templars ruled indepandantly - autonomus
- rivalry between Templars & Hospitallers
- Clashes with KoJ's
- not many of them
- most 300-500
- military role no there until 1130s
- allowed by Canon 20 of Council of Nabulus 1120
- Knights Templar
- manpower problems
Dynasty
- Tancred Lord of Galilee seperate
- Baldwin I/II's cousin was Josecelin of Courtney
- Fulk dies 1143
- Antioch
- Remember Roger of Salerno as regent
- Bohemond II married Alice
- he died 1130
- Raymond of Poitiers comes from west to marry Alice
- but Alice wanted to be ruleralone
- birth to Constance
- but Alice wanted to be ruleralone
- Tripoli
- Raymond - Bertrand 1105 - Pons
- Edessa
- Joscelin of Courtney 18-31
- 31 onward Joscelin II
Kings of Jerusalem 1131-1149
- Baldwin II married Armenian Morphia of Melitene
- no sons
- 4 daughters including Melisende
- Fulk V of Anjou persuaded persauded by High of Payns
- to bring military to aid attack on Damascus which failed
- Fulk Married Melisene 1129 - Baldwin II died 31 - inherited joint crown with Melisene & Baldwin III
- to bring military to aid attack on Damascus which failed
- Fulk V of Anjou persuaded persauded by High of Payns
- Political Tensions in Jerusalem
- the accession of Fulk/Melisende to throne
- tension between
- Montlhery family
- Baldwin II, Melisene & Count Hugh of Jaffa
- Baldwin II, Melisene & Count Hugh of Jaffa
- Angevins
- Count Fulk of Anjou's new supporters
- Fulk put Angevins into key positions
- angered established lords
- he also sidelined Melisende
- 1134 Count Hugh of Jaffa rebelled
- supported Melisende against husband
- Hugh due to trial by combat
- but retreated to Ascalon
- agreement with Muslims vs. Fulk
- Hugh's supporters turned against him
- Hugh gave up rebellion & stabbed killed
- Fulk implicated in murder
- Melisende furious as Hugh was her cousin
- problems in Antioch (Alice) needed attention so Fulk gave Melisende greater control & gave her a psalter as peace offering
- Melisende furious as Hugh was her cousin
- Fulk implicated in murder
- Hugh gave up rebellion & stabbed killed
- Hugh's supporters turned against him
- agreement with Muslims vs. Fulk
- but retreated to Ascalon
- Hugh due to trial by combat
- supported Melisende against husband
- 1134 Count Hugh of Jaffa rebelled
- he also sidelined Melisende
- angered established lords
- Fulk put Angevins into key positions
- Count Fulk of Anjou's new supporters
- Montlhery family
- tension between
- the accession of Fulk/Melisende to throne
- Melisende's Psalter
- contains 150 psalms
- richly decorated
- Mixed Armenia, Latin, Frank, Christianity and Greek (Byzantine) together - shows Frankish assimilation
- Fulk Built
- Castru Arnaldi 32/3
- Bethgibelin 36
- Ibelin 41
- Blanclagorde 42
- Protected south of KoJ
- Problems with Byzantine Emperor John Comnenus 37/8 & 42/3
- John Comnenus angry he hadn't been involved in decision over who to marry Constance as he was overlord
- 37 - he arrived at Antioch high army - opportunity to increase Byzantine influence gone
- John says if Raymond gets Aleppo/Shaizer he can ramin in control
- Raymond didn't capture it so John went to Antioch but died first
- John Comnenus angry he hadn't been involved in decision over who to marry Constance as he was overlord
- Queen Melisende
- After Fulk died 1143
- Melisende ruled as regent to son Baldwin III
- but refused to give up position 1145
- Melisende couldn't partake in military
- but William of Tyre said she had 'great wisdom'
- took part in council at Acre in 2nd Crusade & argued Ascalon should be a target
- Changing political structure
- Asbridge argues politics of the east had changed since Baldwin I/II
- who basically ruled as autocrats
- princes expected autonomy
- consulation with nobles & church
- high court most important forum for decision making
- John Le Morte agued position of king was first among equals
- but Prawer argued that it had changes to interaction between other powerful groups like Italians, princes & orders
- Melisende faced conflicting interests
- prior to 2nd crusade Frankish nobility prevented response to Muslim counter crusade
- Melisende faced conflicting interests
- but Prawer argued that it had changes to interaction between other powerful groups like Italians, princes & orders
- John Le Morte agued position of king was first among equals
- high court most important forum for decision making
- consulation with nobles & church
- Asbridge argues politics of the east had changed since Baldwin I/II
- Baldwin III
- 1152 rebelled against mother
- forced her to surrender
- till 1163 he ruled
- but influenced by Melisende until 1161
- captured Ascalon 1153
- so not viewed as proper ruler
- but William of Tyre said she had 'great wisdom'
- Melisende couldn't partake in military
- but refused to give up position 1145
- Melisende ruled as regent to son Baldwin III
- After Fulk died 1143
- Baldwin II married Armenian Morphia of Melitene
Relations with Byzantium
- during 1st crusade
- Alexius escorted peasants & told them to wait for knights
- Tatikios gave guidance & support & supplies
- Siege of Nicea Jun 97 blocked lake Askania
- Dorylaeum 1st Jul 97 Tatikios advnice not to follow feint
- Bohemond withstood loads of missiles
- Supplies were never enough
- Stephen of Blois told Alexius to turn around
- Bohemond Establish Antioch as principaility breaking oath
- Bohemond ejected Greek Patriarch & bad relations and view of Byzantium
- Bohemond's Crusade 07/08
- Pope Paschal II (99-18) supported him
- violant propaganda campaign
- westerners through byzantium was eveil and treacherous
- Alexius defeated him
- treaty of devol 1108
- allowed Bohemond to hold Antioch as Alexius' subject
- Byzantine relations stayed silent after Devol because
- John occupied with Petchang tribes
- Troubles with Venetian fleets
- Byzantines satisfied with overlordship
- Byzantine relations stayed silent after Devol because
- allowed Bohemond to hold Antioch as Alexius' subject
- Tancred
- Tyerman argues he was 'real founded of Antioch'
- recovered Cilicia & extended its frontiers - south to Shaizar & east to Aleppo
- Tancred ignored Treaty of Devol but Alexius ignored him as he had worrying things
- turks & fleets of ships e.g. ..
- John 1137 arrived Antioch
- he was angered he had no say over who Constance
- should marry
- she married Raymond of Poiters
- he wanted his own son Manuel to marry her
- she married Raymond of Poiters
- should marry
- King Fulk submitted to him
- Fulk needed support vs. Zengi
- Fulk agreed to take Aleppo * Shaizar as fief
- but he failed so John returned in 1143
- but didn't get to Antioch as he died along the way
- but he failed so John returned in 1143
- Fulk agreed to take Aleppo * Shaizar as fief
- Fulk needed support vs. Zengi
- he was angered he had no say over who Constance
- during 1st crusade
Información
- Descripción
- AS - Level (Crusades Year 1) History Mapa Mental sobre More foundation of Outremer, creado por Oliver Callaghan el 20/02/2016.
- Creado por
- Oliver Callaghan
- Visitas
- 19
- Valoración