What are the issues being faced in the CBD?

What are the issues being faced in the CBD?

1. CBD structure

   • Bid rent curve
     • High rent - close to CBD
       • Retail
       • Offices
     • Low rent - Further from CBD
       • Residential - suburbs
   • Inner core
     • Dept stores
     • Specialised shops
     • High rise office blocks
     • Commercial offices - banks
   • Outer core
     • Smaller shops
     • Theatres
     • Leisure
     • Public administration
     • Offices
   • Frame
     • Social services
     • Autosales + services
     • Education
     • Transport terminals
     • Multi-story car parks
     • Light manufacturing
     • Wholesale services
   • Difference between zones?
     • Amount of people
     • Size of buildings
     • Use of buildings
     • Traffic
     • Landscaping
     • Environmental quality
     • Land value
     • Type + quality of shops

2. Why does the CBD change?

   • Decentralisation of activities
     • Movement of housing and people
       • Cheaper land
       • Improvement of transport
       • Pollution
       • Development of suburbs
   • Manufacturing
     • Example: Cadbury
       • Moved from Birmingham centre to Bourneville - 4 miles out
       • Countryside was a nicer place to work
       • Car ownership increased
         • More land = more parking spaces
         • Better access
   • Retail
     • Easier access - usually located by main road intersection/ junction
       • Example - Cribbs Causeway
     • Out of town shopping became more popular
       • Everything in one place
     • Easy + free parking
     • Large anchor stores
   • Offices
     • Easy access
     • More land/ space
   • All factors why CBD change lead to dessertion of CBD = Urban Doughnut
     • DECENTRALISATION!

3. Case study: Merry Hill shopping Centre, Dudley

   • CBD decline
     • Land on outskirts cheaper
     • More space on outskirts
     • Less pollution on outskirts
     • Easier access than in CBD
     • Rise in car ownership results in people willing to travel further
       • Leisure shopping
     • City centres
       • Ageing
       • Dirty
       • Unsafe
       • Poor infrastructure
     • Cost of upkeep and development of the CBD much higher than out of town
   • Initial 25% fall in retail employment in Dudley centre
   • 70% reduction in retail trade as a result of Merry HIll
   • Anchor stores like M&S, Curry's, Littlewoods closed in CBD and reopened in Merry Hill
   • Dudley - 190 shops 1985
     • 127 shop 1997
   • Even Birmingham CBD struggling
     • Birmingham - Reviving the CBD
       • International convention centre opened 1991
         • Attracted high profile conferences
           • Olympic committee
           • G7 world leaders
           • Eurovision song contest
       • National Indoor Arena
         • Multi-purpose sports complex
       • Broadstreet redevelopment
         • Nightclubs
         • Hotels
         • Restaurants
         • Canal-side cafes
       • Hyatt Regency Hotel
         • Birmingham's first 5* hotel
           • Cost £38 million
       • Shops encouraged to stay open for longer
       • Special events - music festivals
       • Result?
         • 5% increase between 1995-1997 of retail trade
     • 15km away - 12% retail decline between 1990-1995