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Ecology- Study of how an organism interacts and depends on its environment

Levels of organization

Species- an organism that can reproduce their own kind and offspring is fertile

Population- Groups of organisms of one type that live in the same area

Community- Populations that live together in a defined area

Ecosystem- Community and its nonliving surroundings

Biome- A section of Earth separated by climate

Biosphere- life on Earth

Aspects of a population

size

dispersions

Density

Reproductive Strategies

Growth

Size- total number of organisms in the population

Variables that limit population size

Emigration- Decreases

Immigration- Increases

Births- Increases

Deaths- Decreases

Density Dependent Factors

Amount of food

Predators

Competition

Climate

Amount of space

Diseases

Density Dependent Factors

Extreme Weather

Population Dispersions- How the populations are arranged in a community

Clumped- Populations are close together

Even/Uniform- Populations are spread equally apart

Random- No pattern of the populations

Organization of life

atoms-molecules-cells-tissue-organs-systems-organisms

Reproductive Strategies

K-Strategists

Long life

Few offspring

Late maturity

Large body size

Reproduces more than once

Parental care is common

Stable environment

r-Strategists

Short life span

Many offspring

Early Maturity

Small body size

Reproduce once

No parental care

Unstable Environment

Population Growth

Every population has a biotic potential

Biotic Potential- The number of organisms a population can have based on the best conditions

Carrying Capacity- The amount of a population the environment can support due to limiting factors

Exponential Growth- Growth that is unlimited

Community Interaction

Competition

Predation

Parasitism

Mutualism

Commensalism

Competition for resources

Niche- A job or a role

Reproduce

Find Food

Avoid Predators

Find Shelter

Predation-

Predator hunts to kill to eat

Prey is what is being hunted

Characteristics of a predator-prey cycle

When predators increase, prey decrease

One peak follows another

Always more prey than predators

Defenses

Active- Running, hiding, defending

Passive- Aposematic, Batesian, Mullerian Mimicry

Symbiotic relationships- depend on each other

3 types

Commensalism

Mutualism

Parasitism

Mutualism- ++ both benefit

Parasitism- +- one benefits and one is harmed

Commensalism- +0 one benefits and one is not harmed

Energy flow in an ecosystem

Food Chains, Food webs, Energy pyramid

Begins with Sun (initial source)

Energy is never recycled

Photosynthesis- chemical reaction where green plants use water and carbon dioxide to store the sun's energy in glucose

Producers- Organisms that make glucose during photosynthesis

Consumers- Cannot make own food

Primary Consumers- Consumers that eat producers

Secondary Consumers- Consumers that eat primary consumers

Tertiary Consumers- High-level consumers, eat secondary consumers

Omnivores- Eat producers and consumers

Scavengers- Eat the leftovers of consumers

Food chain- Transfer of energy

Energy Pyramid- Represents energy flow through an ecosystem

Energy decreases by 90% at each trophic level

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