MEDICINE THROUGH TIME

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THE MEDICINE THROUGH TIME EXAM GOES FROM THE ROMAN EMPIRE ALL THE WAY THROUGH TO THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT WHAT THAT TIME PERIOD THOUGHT TO CAUSE DISEASE; HOW THEY CURED DISEASE; THE TRAINING OF DOCTORS; WOMEN'S ROLL IN THAT PERIOD; HOSPITALS; KEY FIGURES AND DISCOVERIES AS WELL AS PUBLIC HEALTH.

BELOW ARE KEY WORDS FOR THE WHOLE TOPIC.

key words for medicine through time

ROMAN EMPIRE

BEFORE 500AD

THE ROMANS BELIEVED THAT GOD SENT DISEASE; AN UNBALANCE IN THE FOUR HUMOURS(PICTURE TO THE RIGHT); SUPERNATURAL CAUSE E.G. WITCHES AND MIASMA.

TO TREAT DISEASE AND ILLNESS THEY USED RARE INGREDIENTS FROM ASIA BLESSED BY THE GODS. BALANCING THE HUMOURS BY BLOOD LETTING, PURGING. THEY ALSO PRAYED TO THE GODS AND WORE LUCKY CHARMS. ROMANS ALSO USED THE THEORY OF OPPOSITES SO IF YOU WERE TO COLD THEY GAVE YOU PEPPER TO HEAT AND IF YOU WERE TO HOT THEY GAVE YOU CUCUMBER.

DOCTORS WEREN'T WIDELY RESPECTED BECAUSE SOME TIMES THERE TREATMENTS DIDN'T WORK. THIS WAS BECAUSE THERE WAS NO FORMAL TRAINING FOR DOCTORS SO ANYONE COULD SET UP A PRACTICE. THEY LEARNED FROM WORKING WITH OTHER DOCTORS OR BY READING BOOKS BY GALEN AND HIPPOCRATES. SOME MAY HAVE TRAINED AT ALEXANDRIA IN EGYPT WHERE THEY COULD DISSECT HUMANS BUT IT WAS VERY RARE.

YOU ALSO NEED TO UNDERSTAND FACTORS THAT MEANT CHANGE COULD HAPPEN AND THEREFORE IMPROVING MEDICINE AND HEALTH.

HIPPOCRATES

AN ANCIENT GREEK DOCTOR

HIS IDEAS AN BOOKS WERE VERY INFLUENTIAL

HE DISMISSED THE IDEA THAT GODS CAUSED DISEASE

PHYSICAL REASON WHICH NEEDED A PHYSICAL CURE

MOST TREATMENTS BASED ON DIET, EXERCISE AND REST ALSO BALANCING HUMOURS

HE WROTE THE HIPPOCRATIC OATH WHERE DOCTORS SWORE TO RESPECT LIFE AND PREVENT HARM

METHOD OD CLINICAL OBSERVATION; STUDYING SYMPTOMS,MAKING NOTES, COMPARING WITH SIMILAR CASES, THEN DIAGNOSING AND TREATING

GALEN

A GREEK DOCTOR WORKED IN ROME

HE WROTE MANY BOOKS DETAILING HIS IDEAS, WHICH WERE STUDIED FOR THE NEXT 1000 YEARS

GALEN DEVELOPED HIPPOCRATES' IDEAS

HE MAINLY USED BLOOD LETTING OR PURGING TO PREVENT ILLNESS

HE DEVELOPED THE THEORY OF OPPOSITES

GALEN CARRIED OUT DISSECTION ON DEAD BODIES (MAINLY ANIMALS)

HE THEN DREW DIAGRAMS OF THEM TO EXPLAIN HUMAN ANATOMY

GALEN OPERATED ON WOUNDED GLADIATORS THIS IMPROVED HIS KNOWLEDGE OF HUMAN ANATOMY.

GALEN AND MANY OTHERS WERE CONVINCED THAT HIS IDEAS WERE RIGHT AND SO THEY DOMINATED MEDICINE FOR OVER 1500 YEARS

PUBLIC HEALTH IN ROMAN BRITAIN

Romans medicine through time

BELOW IS A MIND MAP SUMMING UP THE ROMAN EMPIRE

MIDDLE AGES

500 - 1500 AD

IN THE MIDDLE AGES THEY BELIEVED THAT

1) GOD AND THE DEVIL SENT DISEASE

2) THE FOUR HUMOURS

3) MIASMA

THESE THREE THINGS ARE WHAT THEY BELIEVED TO CAUSE DISEASE IN SOME CASES WHEN THEY NEEDED A DESPERATE EXPLANATION THEY USED EXCUSES LIKE CHILDREN NOT RESPECTING THERE PARENTS.

ONCE YOU HAD GOT ILL YOU WENT TO A DOCTOR WHO WOULD LOOK AT YOUR URINE AGAINST A CHART; THEY WOULD LOOK AT THE COLOUR, SMELL, DENSITY AND TASTE. THIS LINKS TO HIPPOCRATES FOUR HUMOURS. AFTER THIS THEY WOULD CHECK A ZODIAC MAN TO CHOOSE WHEN TO GIVE THE TREATMENT, THEY BELIEVED THAT PARTS OF THE BODY MATCHED TO THE ZODIAC SIGN.

THEY WOULD THEN CLARIFIED A BLEEDING CHART WHICH SHOWED THEM WHERE TO BLEED THE PATIENT FROM. IF BLEEDING OR PURGING WASN'T NEEDED THEY WOULD BE ADVISED WITH A HOME REMEDIES, PRAYERS, CHARMS, FOLKLORE.

DURING THE 12TH CENTURY, UNIVERSITIES SET UP MEDICAL SCHOOLS WHERE PHYSICIANS WERE TRAINED. MOST TEACHINGS WERE DONE THROUGH BOOKS RATHER THAN PRACTICAL EXPERIMENTS. BOOKS INCLUDED TEACHINGS FROM CHRISTIAN AND MUSLIM DOCTORS BUT MOST OF THE TEACHING WERE GALEN'S, WHOSE IDEAS DOMINATED.

HOW THE CHURCH INFLUENCED MEDICINE IN THE MIDDLE AGES?

BECAUSE THEY BELIEVED GOD SENT DISEASE, PEOPLE DIDN'T RESEARCH FOR WHAT CAUSED DISEASE.

ON THE OTHER HAND, THE CHURCH ALSO TAUGHT THAT PEOPLE SHOULD FOLLOW JESUS' EXAMPLE AND CARE FOR THE SICK

MONASTERIES HOUSED MOST BOOKS AND THE CHURCH CONTROLLED EDUCATION, SO ONLY IDEAS APPROVED BY THE CHURCH WERE TAUGHT

GALEN'S THEORIES FITTED CHRISTIAN BELIEFS THAT THE BOD HAD A SOUL AND THAT ALL PARTS HAD BEEN CREATED BY GOD TO WORK TOGETHER

THE CHURCH DISCOURAGED DISSECTION AND IN GENERAL DID NOT APPROVE OF PEOPLE CHALLENGING IDEAS AND AUTHORITY

WHO TREATED THE SICK IN C1350?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4j1kG4HswY (Enclavar)

THE BLACK DEATH

IN 1940S, THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE WERE KILLED BY A DISEASE SPREADING ACROSS THE WORLD IT WAS KNOW AS THE BLACK DEATH. IT REACHED BRITAIN IN 1948 KILLING ONE THIRD OF THE POPULATION. IT IS BELIEVED TO BE THE BUBONIC PLAGUE THAT WAS SPREAD AROUND BY INFECTED FLEAS ON BLACK RATS BITING YOU. THE RATS CAME OF TRADING BOATS AND SO THAT IS HOW IT GOT TO BRITAIN.

ROMAN ➽ MIDDLE AGES

GOVERNMENT; MORE FOCUSED ON PROTECTING TRADE AND PEOPLE RATHER THEN PUBLIC HEALTH

NO TRAINED DOCTORS

INVADING TRIBES DESTROYED PUBLIC HEALTH FACILITIES INCLUDING KNOWLEDGE FROM BOOKS

LIMITED TRAVEL AS WAS TOO DANGEROUS SO LESS IDEAS AND KNOWLEDGE SPREAD

RELIGION: CHURCH RAN UNIVERSITIES AND SO DIDN'T ALLOW DISSECTION AND DIDN'T ALLOW OPPOSITION TO GALEN'S WORK

SET UP 1200 MONASTERIES IN ENGLAND AND WALES TO CARE NOT TO CURE.

RENAISSANCE

1350 - 1750 AD

ANDREAS VESALIUS

BORN: DECEMBER 31, 1514, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM

DIED: OCTOBER 15, 1564, GREECE

BOOKS: THE FABRIC OF THE HUMAN BODY; AN ANNOTATED TRANSLATION OF THE 1543 AND 1555 EDITIONS OF "DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA LIBRI SEPTEM" "THE STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN BODY"

EDUCATION: UNIVERSITY OF PARIS, CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN, UNIVERSITY OF PADUA

HE STUDIED ANATOMY. HE ALSO FOUND MANY SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES.

SKELETAL - VESALIUS BELIEVED THE SKELETAL SYSTUM TO BE THE FRAME WORK OF THE HUMAN BODY. IN HIS BOOK, OF DE FABRICA, HE MAKES SEVERAL CLAIMS AGAINST GALENS THEORIES HE THOUGHT THE SKULL WAS MADE FROM ONE BONE UNLIKE GALEN WHO THOUGHT IT WAS TWO.

MUSCULAR SYSTEM - ONE OF HIS BEST DISCOVERIES

VASCULAR AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

NERVOUS SYSTEM

ABDOMINAL ORGANS

WILLIAM HARVEY

BORN - APRIL 1, 1578, FLOKESTONE

DIED - JUNE 3 1657 ROEHAMPTON LONDON

EDUCATION - UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIGDE, GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY OF PADUA

DISCOVERIES

EXPLAINED HOW THE HEART PROPELLED THE BLOOD IN A CIRCULAR COURSE THROUGH THE BODY. HIS DISCOVERY RECEIVED GREAT INTEREST IN BRITAIN.

HE SUGGESTED THAT HUMANS AND OTHER ANIMALS/MAMMALS REPRODUCED BY THE FERTILISATION OF GAMETES

THE RENAISSANCE SAW THE REBIRTH OF IDEAS AND THEORIES IN

MEDICINE THAT PEOPLE TESTED AND CHALLENGED. IT WAS ALSO A GREAT PERIOD OF

EXPLORATION WHEN PEOPLE FROM EUROPE DISCOVERED NEW PARTS OF WORLD BRINING NEW

PLANTS FROM AFRICA AND AMERICA THAT WERE USEFUL IN MEDICINE.

TECHNOLOGY

BETTER MICROSCOPE LENSES HELPED DISCOVER BACTERIA

THE INVENTION OF MEDICAL PUMPS HELPED PEOPLE UNDERSTAND THAT

THE HUMAN BODY WORKED LIKE A MACHINE

MOST IMPORTANTLY, THE PRINTING PRESS WAS INVENTED IN THE MID-15th CENTURY, ALLOWING IDEAS AND DISCOVERIES TO BE PUBLISHED AND WIDELY CIRCULATED.

IMPACT ON MEDICINE

CAUSES OF DISEASE STILL NOT UNDERSTOOD.

HARVEY'S AND VESALIUS' IDEAS SLOW TO BE ACCEPTED

MEDICAL TEACHING STILL MAINLY BASED ON GALEN'S THEORIES

OLD TREATMENT METHODS STILL USED

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

C1750 - 1900

PROBLEMS

DUE TO THE INVENTION OF MACHINES MEANT THERE WAS LESS WORK IN THE COUNTRYSIDE. THEREFORE MANY PEOPLE EMIGRATED TO TOWNS AND CITIES. MEANING THAT THEY RAPIDLY GREW IN POPULATION AS THE PEOPLE MOVED. THESE CHANGES HAD A BIG IMPACT ON PEOPLES HEALTH.

THE CAUSE OF DISEASE WAS THOUGHT TO BE

THE REFORMATION AND THE ROYAL SOCIETY

NEW RELIGIOUS IDEAS CHALLENGED THE AUTHORITY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND OTHER CHRISTIAN CHURCHES EMERGED. PEOPLE WERE STILL VERY RELIGIOUS BUT THE CHURCH'S AUTHORITY DECLINED. THE ROYAL SOCIETY WAS ESTABLISHED IN BRITAIN IN 1660 BY EDUCATED MEN WHO WANTED TO DISCUSS NEW SCIENTIFIC IDEAS BASED ON EXPERIMENTS, OBSERVATION AND RECORDING/COMMUNICATING THE RESULTS.