Test
Chapter 10
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Preguntas del test (134)
1David loves to go to baseball games. He inherits a substantial amount of money and because of this he is able to quit his job and do whatever he wants. Given that he has a tendency to meliorate, David will most likely
- Aattend baseball games as often as possible.
- Beventually come to like baseball even more than before.
- Ceventually come to like baseball less than before.
- DBoth a and c are correct.
2Telling your parents to severely chastise you if you watch television rather than study this weekend is best described as an example of a:
- Aself-reinforcement procedure.
- Bdeprivation procedure.
- Ccommitment response.
- Dsatiation procedure.
3In an experiment for Mischel’s delay of gratification paradigm, children who are most successful at a delay-of- gratification task may be seen:
- Asinging songs.
- Bcovering their eyes.
- Clooking at pictures on the wall.
- DAll of these are correct.
4During tax season, there are a number of tax-preparation companies that provide immediate tax rebates, but take a substantial percentage of the total refund as a "service fee." So, if someone were to receive a refund by mail, it might take several weeks (but the amount of money would be larger) whereas if that individual uses the immediate refund service, the amount of money is reduced but is received immediately. Individuals’ willingness to pay steep fees to get their refunds immediately is consistent with:
- Athe Ainslie-Rachlin model.
- BSkinner’s model of countercontrol.
- CBandura’s reciprocal determinism.
- Dthe Rescorla-Wagner model.
5A concurrent schedule of reinforcement consists of two or more independent schedules that are _____ available.
- Asimultaneously
- Bsequentially
- Crandomly
- DBoth b and c are correct.
6Faced with a choice between two pellets of food available in 20 seconds and three pellets of food available in 30 seconds, a rat will likely choose the _____ alternative. If 18 seconds are allowed to pass, such that the rat is faced with a choice between two pellets available in 2 seconds and three pellets available in 12 seconds, the rat will most likely choose the _____ alternative.
- Asmaller; larger
- Blarger; smaller
- Clarger; larger
- Dsmaller; smaller
7Natalia decides to reinforce exercising with one hour of television after each exercise session. The major problem with this tactic is that
- Ashe may refuse to exercise, yet still watch television.
- Bshe may begin to exercise too stringently.
- Cthe reinforcer will undermine her intrinsic interest in exercise.
- Dshe could end up not wanting to watch any television.
8According to the matching law, in the context of the time it spent outside its own territory, a pied wagtail should have spent 30% of its time in a meadow when there were fewer insects and 70% of its time in the meadow when there were more insects. In reality, the respective percentages were 40% and 80%. What could account for this result?
- AMore preferred insects in the meadow
- BMore preferred insects in its territory
- CShort travel distance between the two food patches
- DFacing any kind of threat in the meadow
9Compared to other animals, humans tend to have _____ delay functions for larger later rewards.
- Aless deeply scalloped
- Bmore deeply scalloped
- Cless predictable
- Dthinner
10Tactics that Skinner used to facilitate his writing included:
- Astimulus control.
- Bcarefully monitoring the amount of time that he worked each day.
- Cplenty of relaxation.
- DAll of these are correct.
11From a behavioral perspective, the term willpower
- Ais too often based on circular reasoning.
- Bdoes not really explain anything.
- Cis too often merely a description of a certain behavior pattern.
- DAll of these are correct.
12The tendency to meliorate means that for someone who is addicted to playing video games, doing so instead of finishing homework
- Awill probably maximize overall reinforcement.
- Bmight result in a reduction in overall reinforcement.
- Cmight have no effect on overall reinforcement.
- Dwill eliminate any tendency to display matching.
13During the evening, Rosalie can either watch television or read a book. This is best described as an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
- Amultiple
- Bchained
- Cconcurrent
- Dmixed
14Matching would be indicated by an average of _____ responses per minute on a VI 30-sec alternative and _____ responses per minute on a VI 15-sec alternative.
- A60; 60
- B60; 120
- C120; 60
- D30; 45
15Which of the following is a useful technique to facilitate the purchase of healthy foods?
- ASatiating oneself prior to buying groceries at the supermarket
- BDepriving oneself prior to buying groceries at the supermarket
- CSatiating oneself after buying unhealthy groceries at the supermarket
- DBoth a and c are correct.
16A useful indicator of preference on concurrent VI schedules is
- Amatching.
- Bundermatching.
- Covermatching.
- Dbias.
17In _____, the proportion of responses on the richer versus poorer schedules is _____ different than would be predicted by matching.
- Aovermatching; less
- Bundermatching; more
- Cundermatching; less
- DBoth a and b are correct.
18On a concurrent VI 30-sec VI 90-sec schedule, a pigeon responded four times as often on the VI 30-sec alternative. This is an example of
- Amatching.
- Bundermatching.
- Covermatching.
- DCOD.
19Concurrent schedule is to matching law as
- Asimultaneity of reinforcement is to proportionality of reinforcers.
- Bproportionality of reinforcers is to simultaneity of reinforcement.
- CS ∆ is to S D.
- DS D is to S ∆ .
20Given the same physical distance between two patches of food, a slow-moving sloth would be more likely to show _____ than a fast-moving bird.
- Aundermatching
- Bovermatching
- Cbias
- Dspontaneous recovery
21Over time, Billie’s delay curves for different reward alternatives become somewhat flatter. What might account for the change?
- AAge
- BExperience
- CBoth a and b are correct.
- DNeither a nor b is correct.
22From a temporal perspective, _____ can be defined as preference for _____ rewards.
- Aimpulsiveness; smaller sooner over larger later
- Bself-control; smaller sooner over larger later
- Cimpulsiveness; larger sooner over smaller later
- Dself-control; larger sooner over smaller later
23Otis finds himself alone with the whipped cream his mother just made. In order to resist having some, he should:
- Aconcentrate on how good it will taste.
- Bimagine that the whipped cream is actually a large cloud.
- Cavoid looking at the dessert as much as possible.
- DBoth b and c are correct.
24Self-control can be enhanced through repeated exposure to rewards that are presented after:
- Agradually decreasing delays.
- Bsuddenly decreasing delays.
- Cgradually increasing delays.
- Dsuddenly increasing delays.
25According to melioration theory, an organism shifts its behavior toward higher value alternatives
- Asuch that matching rarely occurs.
- Bso as to maximize the effect on the overall level of reinforcement.
- Cwithout regard to the effect on the overall level of reinforcement.
- Dexcept under extreme deprivation.
26On a concurrent VI 15-sec VI 45-sec schedule, a pigeon responded twice as often on the VI 15-sec alternative. This is an example of
- Amatching.
- Bundermatching.
- Covermatching.
- Dbias.
27In general, the value of a delayed reward:
- Aclimbs more and more rapidly as the reward draws near.
- Bclimbs at a constant rate as time passes and the reward draws near.
- Cfirst decreases and then increases as the reward draws near.
- Dfirst increases and then dips slightly as the reward draws near.
28People who generally prefer a larger later reward over a smaller sooner reward may be said to have a _____ delay function for that reward compared to people who prefer the smaller sooner reward.
- Amore deeply scalloped
- Bless deeply scalloped
- Clinear
- Dvery steep
29Dennis decides to cut down on smoking by delivering a punisher to himself in the form of performing 20 pushups for every cigarette smoked. The major problem with this tactic is that Dennis
- Awill probably become even more addicted to smoking.
- Bcan still smoke and not do the pushups.
- Cis likely to become addicted to pushups.
- Dwill probably still smoke without doing the pushups.
30According to the matching law, in an experiment where a pigeon has to press colored keys to receive food, the percentage of responses emitted on the green key should have been 65% when it was associated with the richer schedule and 15% when it was associated with the poorer schedule. The respective percentages were instead 55% and 10%. This is an example of
- Amatching.
- BCOD.
- Coptimization.
- Dbias.
31Skinner’s tactics for self-control include
- Aphysical restraint.
- Bsatiating oneself.
- Cdepriving oneself.
- DAll of these are correct.
32On a concurrent VI 20-sec VI 30-sec schedule, a rat emits an average of 15 responses per minute on the VI 20 alternative and 10 responses per minute on the VI 30 alternative. These results are consistent with
- Amatching.
- Bovermatching.
- Cundermatching.
- Dbias.
33According to _____ theory, an organism will shift its behavior toward higher value alternatives without regard to the effect on the overall level of reinforcement.
- Amelioration
- Bnot melioration
- Cmaximization
- Ddelay reduction
34Problems with quitting a drug habit include the fact that the:
- Areinforcers for quitting are relatively delayed.
- Breinforcers for quitting are relatively immediate.
- Cpunishers for quitting are relatively delayed.
- DBoth b and c are correct.
35A possible reason why self-reinforcement is sometimes effective is that:
- Ait can increase the salience of our successes.
- BIt can decrease the salience of our successes.
- Cit can produce a positive contrast effect.
- Dit can reduce a negative contrast effect.
36Setting up a series of subgoals as you work toward the completion of a term paper would likely serve to _____ the delay curve for that reward, thereby _____ the resistance to temptation.
- Adeepen; increasing
- Bdeepen; decreasing
- Cflatten; increasing
- Dflatten; decreasing
37Problems with using self-punishment to control your own behavior include that
- Athere is nothing to stop you from short-circuiting the contingency.
- Bself-punishment punishes not only the behavior but also the act of carrying through on your promise to punish yourself.
- CBoth a and b are correct.
- DNeither a nor b is correct.
38Skinner viewed self-control as involving two types of responses, a _____ response and a(n) _____ response.
- Acontingent; noncontingent
- Bcontinuous; intermittent
- Ccontrolled; controlling
- Dcontingent; controlled
39Bias on concurrent VI schedules is an indicator of
- Apreference.
- Birrationality.
- Cimpulsiveness.
- Dmelioration.
40The term self-control often refers to situations in which one chooses a _____ reward over a _____ reward.
- Alarger later; smaller sooner
- Bsmaller sooner; larger later
- Csmaller later; larger sooner
- Dlarger sooner; smaller later
41In a concurrent schedule, the component schedules
- Aprovide only punishers.
- Bare sequentially available.
- CBoth a and b are correct.
- DNeither a nor b is correct.
42Alexis grew up in a family that was fairly strict, and she had repeated experiences with having to "wait her turn" for toys, the bathroom, attention, and various other things. Trey grew up in a family where he was rather "spoiled" and got whatever he wanted when he asked for it. According to Herrnstein, _____ will be more likely to be _____ in adulthood.
- AAlexis; impulsive
- BTrey; impulsive
- CAlexis; able to work toward LLRs
- DBoth b and c are correct
43According to Vollmer and Bourret (2000), the proportion of two- versus three-point shots attempted by _____ basketball players is approximately equal to the proportion of points obtained from such shots.
- Askilled
- Bunskilled
- CBoth a and b are correct
- DNeither a nor b is correct
44The availability of other sources of reinforcement can serve to:
- Aincrease impulsiveness.
- Bincrease self-control.
- Cincrease inhibition.
- Dresult in dishabituation.
45From a behavioral perspective, self-control is an issue involving
- Awillpower.
- Bconflicting outcomes.
- CBoth a and b are correct.
- DNeither a nor b is correct.
46Given a choice between an FR 20 and an FR 80 schedule of reinforcement, a rat would most likely (once it has enough experience) respond
- Afour times as often on the FR 20 alternative as the FR 80.
- Bfour times as often on the FR 80 alternative as the FR 20.
- Centirely on the FR 80 alternative.
- Dentirely on the FR 20 alternative.
47Griffin spends most of his time studying the course that he enjoys studying rather than the one he needs to study. This is consistent with _____ theory of matching.
- Amaximization
- Bmelioration
- Cminimization
- Doptimization
48The term impulsiveness refers to situations in which a _____ reward is chosen over a _____ reward.
- Alarger sooner; smaller sooner
- Bsmaller sooner; larger later
- Clarger later; smaller sooner
- Dsmaller later; larger later
49According to the matching law, the proportion of _____ approximately equals the proportion of _____.
- Areinforcers earned on alternative A; reinforcers earned on alternative B
- Bresponses emitted on alternative A; responses emitted on alternative B
- Cresponses emitted on alternative A; reinforcers earned on alternative A
- Dresponses emitted on alternative B; reinforcers earned on alternative A
50An effective strategy for children in a delay-of- gratification task is to:
- Aconcentrate on the preferred reward.
- Bconcentrate on both rewards.
- Cfocus on the abstract properties of the rewards.
- Dconcentrate on the non-preferred reward.
51“Naomi has a lot of willpower. I know this because she is disciplined in getting her homework done.” From a behavioral viewpoint, this explanation
- Adoes not really explain anything.
- Bis based on circular reasoning.
- CBoth a and b are correct.
- DNeither a nor b is correct.
52The matching law predicts that 57% of responses should be emitted on the VI 15-sec alternative and 43% on the VI 20-sec alternative. A pigeon actually emits 70% of responses on the VI 15-sec alternative and 30% on the VI 20-sec alternative. This is an example of:
- ACOD.
- Bundermatching.
- Covermatching.
- Doptimization.
53According to the matching law, on a concurrent VI 20-sec VI 30-sec schedule of reinforcement, _____ of responses will be emitted on the VI 20-sec alternative.
- A66.7%
- B40%
- C33.3%
- D60%
54According to the matching law, if a pigeon earns 40% of its reinforcers on a yellow key, it will emit _____ of its key pecks toward the yellow key.
- A40%
- B50%
- C60%
- Dless than 40%
55Greediness probably involves _____.
- Amatching
- BCOD
- Covermatching
- Dmelioration
56On a concurrent VR 50 VR 100 schedule of reinforcement, a pigeon would likely (once it has enough experience)
- Ashow exclusive preference for the VR 100 alternative.
- Bshow exclusive preference for the VR 50 alternative.
- Crespond twice as much on the VR 50 alternative as the VR 100.
- Drespond twice as much on the VR 100 alternative as the VR 50.
57Skinner’s tactics for self-control include
- Aself-punishment.
- Bdoing something else.
- Cself-reinforcement.
- DAll of these are correct.
58I am most likely to make a commitment response to go running this evening
- Awhen I wake up in the morning.
- Baround noon.
- Cjust prior to the run.
- Dwhen I feel strongly tempted to watch TV.
59Young children who used appropriate strategies to manage a delay-of- gratification task are more likely in later life to display:
- Arepressed emotions.
- Bdepression.
- Cgreater social and cognitive competence.
- DBoth a and b are correct.
60On a concurrent VR 200 VR 100 schedule, what percentage of responses would most likely be emitted toward the VR 200 schedule by an experienced pigeon?
- A100%
- B66%
- C33%
- D0%
61Impulsiveness is to self-control as _____ is to _____.
- Amore deeply scalloped delay curves; flatter delay curves
- Bflatter delay curves; more deeply scalloped delay curves
- Colder people; younger people
- DBoth b and c are correct.
62One day, Kylie provides 80% of the verbal reinforcers during a group conversation and Justin directs 95% of his comments toward her. The next day, Kylie provides only 10% of the verbal reinforcers. Yet, Justin directs 70% of his comments toward her. Justin’s behavior is an example of
- Abias.
- Bmelioration.
- Cself-control.
- Dcommitment.
63The reinforcers for exhibiting an impulsive behavior are more _____ than for exhibiting self-control.
- Aimmediate
- Bnegative
- Cuncertain
- Ddelayed
64According to the matching law, in an experiment where a pigeon has to press colored keys to receive food, the percentage of responses emitted on a green key should have been 25% under one condition of the experiment and 55% under another condition of the experiment. The respective percentages were instead 35% and 70%. This is most likely an example of
- Abias.
- BCOD.
- Cmelioration.
- Dmatching.
65Repeated exposure to rewards presented at gradually increasing delays has been shown to:
- Aincrease impulsiveness.
- Bdecrease delay of gratification.
- Cincrease self-control.
- DBoth a and c are correct.
66Young children are likely to have _____ delay functions for larger later rewards than older children.
- Aless deeply scalloped
- Bmore deeply scalloped
- Cthinner
- Dthicker
67I am most likely to gorge on cookies before dinner when I am in a _____ environment.
- Alow reinforcement
- Bhigh reinforcement
- Cvariable reinforcement
- Dmoderate reinforcement
68The tendency to meliorate means that our behavior might sometimes be too strongly directed toward alternatives that provide
- Aa lot of reinforcement for little effort.
- Brelatively immediate reinforcement.
- Crelatively delayed reinforcement.
- DBoth a and b are correct.
69According to the matching law, on a concurrent VI 10-sec VI 30-sec schedule of reinforcement, _____ of responses will be emitted on the VI 30-sec alternative.
- A25%
- B33.3%
- C75%
- D66.7%
70In _____, the proportion of responses on the richer versus poorer schedules is _____ different than would be predicted by matching.
- Aovermatching; more
- Bundermatching; less
- Covermatching; less
- DBoth a and b are correct.
71According to Vollmer and Bourret (2000), the proportion of two- versus three-point shots attempted by skilled basketball players is _____ the proportion of points obtained from such shots.
- Agreater than
- Bless than
- Capproximately equal to
- Dunrelated to
72Traditional explanations of self-control by using the term “willpower”
- Atoo often merely describe the behavior they are intended to explain.
- Bhave generally been well-supported in experimental investigations.
- Cform the basis for most behavioral explanations of self-control.
- DBoth b and c are correct.
73In order to maximize overall reinforcement on a concurrent VI 20-sec VR 50 schedule, a pigeon should ideally respond
- Aexclusively on the VR 50 component.
- Bmore on the VR 50 component than is predicted by matching.
- Cmore on the VI 20-sec component than is predicted by matching.
- Dexclusively on the VI 20-sec component.
74Melioration can reduce overall reinforcement due to
- Aresponding too much on alternatives that do not require it.
- Boverconsumption of and habituation to highly valued reinforcers.
- Cresponding too much on alternatives that provide immediate reinforcement.
- DAll of these are correct.
75Jamal’s mother asks him to wait in the kitchen without touching the cookies while she is busy showing some visitors around the house. What should Jamal do to avoid touching the cookies?
- AImagine that the cookies are made of wood
- BImagine eating the cookies right there and then
- CBoth a and b are correct.
- DNeither a nor b is correct.
76Tactics that Skinner used to facilitate his writing included:
- Aself-punishment.
- Bself-monitoring the amount of time that he worked each day.
- Cengaging in adjunctive behaviors.
- DNone of these are correct.
77Matching has been observed in
- Athe foraging behavior of birds.
- Bhuman social interaction.
- Cbasketball shots.
- DAll of these are correct.
78Conger and Killeen (1974) found that, during a social interaction with two confederates, the proportion of time that the subject looked toward one of the confederates _____ the proportion of verbal approvals received from that confederate.
- Aapproximately equaled
- Bwas significantly less than
- Cwas significantly more than
- Dwas unrelated to
79Problems with carrying out an exercise program include the fact that the:
- Areinforcers for exercising are relatively delayed.
- Breinforcers for exercising are relatively immediate.
- Cpunishers for exercising are relatively immediate.
- DBoth a and c are correct.
80In a concurrent schedule, the component schedules
- Aare independent schedules.
- Bare simultaneously available.
- CBoth a and b are correct.
- DNeither a nor b is correct.
81According to the _____ model, each individual choice on a self-control task slightly increases or decreases the likelihood of obtaining the long-term goal.
- AAinsley-Rachlin
- Bdelay-of- gratification
- Csmall-but- cumulative effects
- Dcountercontrol
82A changeover delay is the experimental equivalent of the time it takes for an animal
- Ato travel between two patches of food.
- Bto eat a meal.
- Cto again feel hungry following a meal.
- Dto establish a new steady-state pattern of behavior.
83If Samantha obtains 70% of her sales from client A and 30% from client B, the matching law predicts that she will choose to spend _____ of her time with client A.
- Amore than 70%
- B70%
- Cless than 70%
- D30%
84According to the ego-depletion model of self-control, which of the following should be most difficult after a period of time in which you have had to exercise a lot of self-control?
- ASleeping
- BEating
- CRelaxing
- DConcentrating
85On a concurrent VI 30-sec VR 200 schedule, a pigeon will likely spend more time on the _____ alternative, which provides evidence of _____.
- AVR 200; melioration
- BVR 200; maximization
- CVI 30-sec; melioration
- DVI 30-sec; maximization
86Elise wants to stop shopping online. In order to help control her own behavior, she cancels her Internet service. Cancelling the Internet service is an example of
- Aphysical restraint.
- Ba controlled response.
- Ca controlling response.
- DBoth a and c are correct.
87Behavioral contracting, in which a client negotiates a contract with a therapist to help control certain behaviors, operates on the principle of _____.
- ASSR
- BLLR
- Ccommitment response
- Dimpulsive commitment
88A commitment response is an action carried out at an early point in time that:
- Aeliminates or reduces the value of an upcoming temptation.
- Bincreases the value of a large later reward.
- Cboosts a person’s confidence.
- Dreduces the value of a large later reward.
89Robynne spends a lot of time hanging around the marketing department, an area that she finds quite interesting, and little time at her desk working. This distribution of behavior is consistent with the notion(s) of
- Amatching.
- Bmelioration.
- CCOD.
- DBoth a and b are correct.
90Difficulties with undertaking a self-improvement program include that, for most people, the hoped for outcome is:
- Agreatly delayed.
- Brather uncertain.
- CBoth a and b are correct.
- DNeither a nor b is correct.
91Social learning theorists, such as Bandura, believe that self-reinforcement:
- Ais ineffective.
- Bcan be effective in the same manner as external reinforcement.
- Cis useful only in making the completion of a behavior more salient.
- Dhas a strong tendency to undermine intrinsic motivation.
92Choice behavior is generally best studied with a _____ schedule of reinforcement
- Achained
- Bconcurrent
- Cmultiple
- DDRO
93The major problem with the use of self-punishment is that one may
- Aperform the forbidden behavior and not deliver the punisher.
- Bshort-circuit the contingency.
- Csuffer too much stress.
- DBoth a and b are correct.
94To add extra incentive to exercise, Heather publicly announces to her friends that, starting this Monday, she is going to start running each morning. From Skinner’s perspective, running is the _____ response, while the announcement is the _____ response.
- Acontrolling; controlled
- Bcontrolled; controlling
- Cdirect; indirect
- Dindirect; direct
95Playing video games instead of studying for one evening will _____ have significant effects on your long term goal of getting good grades, but according to the _____ model, the effects of such choices are _____.
- Acertainly; countercontrol; reversible
- Bnot; small-but- cumulative effects; cumulative
- Cnot; Ainsley-Rachlin; temporarily beneficial
- Dlikely; reciprocal determinism; beneficial
96Carolyn tells her brother that he can borrow her car for the entire weekend if she does not put in three hours of studying that evening. Carolyn’s promise is an example of a _____ response that is more likely to have been made _____.
- Adeprivation; at the start of the evening
- Bcommitment; at the start of the evening
- Cdeprivation; that morning
- Dcommitment; that morning
97The matching law predicts that 86% of responses should be emitted on the VI 10-sec alternative and 14% on the VI 60-sec alternative. In reality, a pigeon emits 75% on the VI 10-sec alternative and 25% on the VI 60-sec alternative. This appears to be an example of
- Abias.
- Bundermatching.
- Covermatching.
- Doptimization.
98One problem with the tendency to meliorate is that
- Atoo much of something can result in habituation.
- Btoo much of something can result in sensitization.
- Cit does not provide the desired reinforcements.
- Dit focuses only on delayed consequences but not on immediate ones.
99Gord has no trouble buckling down to study each night, while Gayle is constantly putting it off in order to do fun tasks. This suggests that Gord has a _____ delay function for _____ than Gayle has.
- Amore deeply scalloped; studying
- Bless deeply scalloped; studying
- Cless deeply scalloped; fun tasks
- Dmore linear; fun tasks
100Last year, Jacqueline had a psychology course and a physics course. She had more quizzes in the psychology courses and was earning better grades compared to the physics course. She devoted more than half of her study time to psychology last year. This year, she has another psychology course and another physics course. This time she has more quizzes in physics, and her grade is also better in physics. She still spends more than half of her time studying for psychology. According to the matching law, this distribution of effort can be accounted for by _____.
- Aself-control
- BCOD
- Cbias
- Doptimization
101The small-but- cumulative effects model points out that we are always confronted with temptation. According to this model, it is important to establish _____.
- Aa relapse prevention plan
- Brules that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behaviors
- CBoth a and b are correct.
- DNeither a nor b is correct.
102A short COD is the experimental equivalent of two patches of food that are
- Asituated close to each other.
- Bsituated far apart.
- Cvery abundant.
- Dbecoming depleted.
103If you ask a student to choose between getting an A at the end of a course or getting a D and a beer at the end of the course, most students would choose the former. If you ask students to choose between studying right now or going to a bar right now, however, many will choose the latter. According to the _____ model, this can be explained by the _____ value of a small reward when it is _____.
- AAinslie–Rachlin; increasing; far away
- BAinslie–Rachlin; increasing; imminent
- Ccontrolled-response; decreasing; far away
- Dcontrolled-response; increasing; imminent
104By eating a full meal before going grocery shopping, Susan was able to ensure that she did not buy junk food. Eating a full meal is the _____, while the types of groceries she bought is the _____.
- Acontrolled response; controlling response
- Bcontrolling response; controlled response
- Cextrinsic response; intrinsic response
- Dintrinsic response; extrinsic response
105The major difficulty in issues involving self-control is that the less valued alternative tends to be:
- Amore immediate.
- Bless certain.
- Cmore delayed.
- DBoth a and b are correct.
106Children who can successfully handle a delay-of- gratification task tend to do so by:
- Aconcentrating on the preferred reward.
- Busing willpower.
- Cdistracting themselves from the rewards.
- Dconcentrating on the non-preferred reward.
107If Jay gets 20% of his positive feedback from Francine and 80% of his positive feedback from Delores, the matching law predicts that he will choose to spend _____ of his time with Delores.
- A20%
- B60%
- C80%
- Dmore than 80%
108In a typical self-control situation, a commitment response is most likely to be made when
- Athe smaller sooner reward is imminent.
- Bthe larger later reward is imminent.
- Cthe smaller sooner reward is still some distance away.
- Dthe smaller sooner reward has been obtained.
109On a concurrent schedule, one alternative attracts a higher proportion of responses than would be predicted by matching, regardless of whether the associated schedule is the richer or the poorer schedule. This is an indication of
- Aovermatching.
- Bundermatching.
- Cbias.
- Da short COD.
110The general relationship between reward value and decreasing delay is that the function for reward value looks somewhat similar to the typical response pattern on a(n) _____ schedule of reinforcement.
- AFR
- BFI
- CVR
- DVI
111The major difficulty in issues involving self-control is that the more valued alternative tends to be:
- Amore delayed.
- Bless certain.
- Cmore immediate.
- DBoth a and b are correct.
112Bev was quite successful with her diet, while Wilf was terribly unsuccessful. One explanation for this difference is that Wilf has a(n) _____ delay function for the positive effects of dieting as compared to Bev.
- Amore linear
- Bless deeply scalloped
- CS-shaped
- Dmore deeply scalloped
113On a concurrent VI 10-sec VR 100 schedule, _____ theory predicts that a pigeon would spend most of its time on the VR 100 schedule and switch over to the VI schedule approximately every 10 seconds. In contrast, _____ theory predicts that the pigeon will spend much more of its time on the VI schedule than is predicted by matching.
- Amelioration; maximization
- Bmaximization; optimization
- Cmaximization; melioration
- Dmelioration; optimization
114A fox with a sore leg would likely show _____ when distributing its time between various patches of food.
- Amatching
- Bundermatching
- Covermatching
- Dbias
115Bob is in good health and lives with his parents in a comfortable home. Linda is in poor health and lives with her parents in a very stressful home environment. All else being equal, chances are that:
- ABob tends to be more impulsive than Linda.
- BBob tends to be less impulsive than Linda.
- CNeither a nor b is correct. These factors are probably unrelated to impulsiveness.
- DBob and Linda are equally impulsive.
116The reinforcers for exhibiting self-control tend to be _____ than for exhibiting impulsiveness.
- Amore immediate
- Bmore negative
- Cmore intrinsic
- Dmore delayed
117The major problem students face when attempting to use watching television as a self-reinforcer for studying is that
- Athey feel that their freedom is being restricted.
- Bthey may deliver the reinforcer without performing the behavior.
- Cthey fail too often to deliver the reinforcer.
- Dthey become habituated to the act of studying.
118Factors that would likely increase impulsiveness include:
- Abeing sleep deprived.
- Bliving in a noisy environment.
- Cbeing too cold.
- DAll of these are correct.
119Which of the following will most likely be the result of no COD on a concurrent VI 60-sec VI 20-sec schedule?
- ANo responses emitted on the VI 60-sec schedule
- B50% of responses emitted on the VI 60-sec schedule
- C90% of responses emitted on the VI 20-sec schedule
- D100% of responses emitted on the VI 60-sec schedule
120According to _____, the proportion of responses emitted on a certain schedule will approximately equal the proportion of reinforcers obtained on that schedule.
- Athe behavioral contrast effect
- Bmaximization theory
- Cthe matching law
- Dmelioration theory
121Janice found that after focusing for a long time on her assignment, she was unable to resist eating a chocolate bar and she just could not force herself to go for her usual evening run. Which of the following models predicts this loss of “willpower”?
- AThe Ainslie-Rachlin model
- BThe ego-depletion model
- CThe compensatory response model
- DAll of these are correct.
122In order to be most effective, when should a commitment response be made?
- ABefore the SSR becomes imminent
- BAfter the SSR becomes imminent
- CWhen a person is subjected to a strong temptation
- DWhen a person is tired
123The major problem with self-reinforcement is that
- Athe contingency may be short-circuited.
- Bthe reinforcers tend to undermine intrinsic motivation.
- Cit simply cannot work as a tactic for self-control.
- DAll of these are correct.
124Suppose you avoid visiting the bakery to stop yourself from buying cake. So, you end up buying fruit instead. Not visiting the bakery is a _____ response and the subsequent buying of fruit is a _____ response.
- Acontrolling; controlled
- Bextraneous; intrinsic
- Cintrinsic; extraneous
- Dcontrolled; controlling
125In general, deeply scalloped delay functions are indicative of a tendency toward:
- Aimpulsiveness.
- Bself-control.
- Cspontaneous recovery.
- Ddisinhibition.
126The general relationship between reward value and decreasing delay is that reward value _____ when the reward is _____.
- Aincreases sharply; imminent
- Bincreases sharply; quite distant
- Cincreases slowly; imminent
- Dsuddenly drops; imminent
127Matching would be indicated by an average of _____ responses per minute on a VI 10-sec alternative and _____ responses per minute on a VI 60-sec alternative.
- A20; 120
- B120; 20
- C20; 140
- D140; 20
128Evidence against the maximization theory of matching includes the fact that on concurrent VR VI schedules, pigeons show _____ responding on the _____.
- Aexclusive; VR alternative
- Bmore; VI alternative than would be predicted by maximization theory
- Cexclusive; VI alternative
- Dmore; VR alternative than would be predicted by maximization theory
129According to Rachlin, how does self-reinforcement help to promote a desired behavior?
- AIt makes an accomplishment more salient.
- BIt facilitates concentration on a task.
- CIt functions as a primary reinforcer.
- DIt maintains intrinsic interest in a task.
130According to the matching law, on a concurrent VI 15-sec VI 60-sec schedule of reinforcement, what proportion of responses will be emitted on the VI 15-sec schedule?
- A20%
- B25%
- C75%
- D80%
131Self-reinforcement:
- Ais almost never effective in the real world.
- Bdoes seem to be effective for at least some people.
- Cis more effective for males than females.
- Dis more effective for females than males.
132Young children who used appropriate strategies to manage delay-of- gratification tasks are more likely as teenagers to:
- Aearn good grades.
- Bcope well with frustrations.
- Cget along well with their peers.
- DAll of these are correct.
133A _____ schedule of reinforcement consists of the simultaneous presentation of two or more independent schedules, each of which leads to a reinforcer.
- Amultiple
- Bchained
- Cconcurrent
- Dmixed
134Vollmer and Bourret’s (2000) discovery that the proportion of two- versus three-point shots attempted by basketball players matches the proportion of points obtained from such shots suggests that shot-making in basketball is to some extent reinforced on a _____ schedule.
- AFR
- BVI
- CVT
- DDRH
Información
- Descripción
- Social Science Test sobre Chapter 10 , creado por Isis Haynes el 09/03/2018.
- Autor
- Isis Haynes
- Idioma
- English
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