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Research Methods II potential MCQ's
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Preguntas del test (96)
1Steven scores 55% on a Mathematics exam, and 74% on an Economics exam. Which is Steven's better subject in comparison with the others in his group if the group means and SDs are 50 and 4 (Mathematics) and 70 and 8 (Economics)?
- AEconomics
- BMathematics
- CEqual in both subjects
- DThere is not enough information
2TR-8R scores 67% on a accuracy exam, and 38% on an stamina exam. Which is TR-8R's better attribiute in comparison with the others in his group if the group means and SDs are 55 and 8 (Accuracy) and 24 and 4 (Stamina)?
- AStamina
- BAccuracy
- CIt is impossible to tell
- DHe performs equally in both
3
A population of scores has μ = 42. In this population, an X value of 40 corresponds to z = -0.50. What is the population standard deviation?- A4
- B2
- C-2
- D-4
4
A squadron of scores has μ = 63. In this clone squadron, an X value of 54 corresponds to z = -3. What is the clone squadron's standard deviation?- A3
- B-3
- C6
- D-6
5
For a population with μ = 60 and σ = 8, what is the X value corresponding to z = -0.50?- A-4
- B56
- C64
- D59.5
6
For a population with μ = 78 and σ = 5, what is the X value corresponding to z = 0.8?- A83
- B82
- C8
- D-83
7A population of scores has μ = 44. In this population, an X value of 40 corresponds to z = -0.50. What is the population standard deviation?
- A6
- B2
- C4
- D8
8
A population of N = 5 scores has SS = 40. What is the variance for this population?- A40/5=8
- B40/4=10
- C5(40)=200
- D4(40)=160
9
Under what circumstances would a score that is 15 points above the mean be considered an extreme score?- Awhen the population mean is much larger than 15
- Bwhen the population standard deviation is much larger than 15
- Cwhen the population mean is much smaller than 15
- Dwhen the population standard deviation is much smaller than 15
10
For a population with μ = 100 and σ = 20, the X value corresponding to z = 1.50 is- A101.5
- B115
- C121.5
- D130
11
A population of scores has σ = 20. In this population, a score of X = 80 corresponds to z = +0.25. What is the population mean?- A70
- B75
- C85
- D90
12
In N = 25 games last season, the college basketball team averaged μ = 74 points with a standard deviation of σ = 6. In their final game of the season, the team scored 90 points. Based on this information, the number of points scored in the final game was ____.- AA little above average
- BFar above average
- Cabove average, but it is impossible to describe how much above average
- DThere is not enough information to compare last year with the average.
13What is the value of SS for the following sample?
Scores: 1, 3, 5- ASS=8
- BSS=8/2
- CSS=8/3
- DSS=8*8
14
The Pearson correlation measures _____.- Athe degree of curvilinear relationship
- Bthe degree of relationship without regard to the form of the relationship
- Cthe degree of linear relationship
- Dthe degree to which the relationship is consistently one directional
15
A scatter plot shows a set of data points that are widely scattered around a line that slopes down to the right. Which of the following values would be closest to the correlation for these data?- A-0.4
- B-0.8
- C0.4
- D0.8
16A scatter plot shows a set of data points that are closely scattered around a line that slopes down to the left. Which of the following values would be closest to the correlation for these data?
- A0.7
- B-0.7
- C-0.2
- D0.2
17A Pearson correlation of r = +1.00 between X and Y indicates _____.
- AEvery change in X causes a change in Y
- BEach time X increases, there is a perfectly predictable increase in Y
- CAll of the other 3 choices occur with a correlation of +1.00.
- DEvery increase in X causes an increase in Y
18A Pearson correlation of r = -1.00 between X and Y indicates _____.
- AEvery change in X causes a change in Y
- BEach time X decreases, there is a perfectly predictable decrease in Y
- CAll of the other 3 choices occur with a correlation of -1.00.
- DEvery increase in X causes an increase in Y
19Which of the following sets of correlations correctly shows the highest to lowest degree of relationship?
- A-0.91, +0.83, +0.10, -0.03
- B+0.83, +0.10, -0.91, -0.03
- C-0.91, +0.83, -0.03, -0.10
- D+0.83, +0.10, -0.03, -0.91
20The Pearson correlation is calculated for a sample of n = 25 individuals. What value of df should be used to determine whether or not the correlation is significant?
- A23
- B25
- CCannot be determined without additional information
- D24
21
The results of a correlation analysis are as follows: r(72) = .56, p = .046. Calculate the coefficient of determination (R2):- A.44
- B.046
- C.56
- D.31
22
The results of a correlation analysis are as follows: r(123) = .75, p = .034. Calculate the coefficient of determination (R2):- A.57
- B.56
- C.43
- D.74
23When we convert a score into a score from a probability distribution, it becomes a _______.
- ATest score
- BProbability
- CTest Statistic
- DSignificance Value
24The p value is a conditional probability, and represents ________.
- AThe probability of finding the effect if the null hypothesis was false
- BThe probability of not finding the effect if the null hypothesis was true
- CThe probability of finding the effect if the null hypothesis was true
25
A researcher conducts an experiment and discovers a non-significant (p > .05) difference between her two experimental groups. What is the next step she should take?- AFail to accept the alternate hypothesis
- BReject the null hypothesis
- CAccept the alternate hypothesis
- DFail to reject the null hypothesis
26The first step in hypothesis testing is to:
- AGenerate a hypothesis
- BMeasure the relationship between variables
- CDecide whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis
- DCalculate the p value
27Which of the following is a two-tailed hypothesis?
- AWe predict that the scores of Group A should be significantly higher than the scores of Group B
- BWe predict a positive relationship between the scores of Group A and Group B
- CWe predict that the scores of Group B should be significantly higher than the scores of Group A
- DWe predict a significant difference between the scores of Group A and Group B
28
Which of the following is an example of a null hypothesis?- AThe scores of Group A will correlate with the scores of Group B
- BThe scores of Group A will be greater than the scores of Group B
- CThe scores of Group A and Group B will not differ significantly
- DThe scores of Group A and Group B will differ significantly
29Which of the following is the most appropriate description of a Type I error?
- AFail to reject the null hypothesis when it is false
- BFail to reject the null hypothesis when it is true
- CReject the null hypothesis when it is true
- DReject the null hypothesis when it is false
30Which of the following is the most appropriate description of a Type II error?
- AFail to reject the null hypothesis when it is true
- BReject the null hypothesis when it is false
- CFail to reject the null hypothesis when it is false
- DReject the null hypothesis when it is true
31A researcher conducts an experiment and discovers a significant (p < .05) difference between her two experimental groups. What is the next step she should take?
- AReject the null hypothesis
- BFail to reject the null hypothesis
- CAccept the alternate hypothesis
- DFail to accept the alternate hypothesis
32A researcher decides to run a correlation to discover whether a positive relationship exists between variable X and variable Y. He should conduct a _____.
- A2 tailed test
- B1 tailed test
- CType II test
- DType I test
33An independent-measures t hypothesis test is appropriate when ____.
- Athe mean for a treated group of subjects is compared to a known population mean
- Bthere are two separate samples containing different subjects
- Cthe value for s is known
- Done sample is used to test a hypothesis about one population
34Which of the following research situations is most likely to use an independent-measures design?
- AEvaluate the difference in verbal skills between 3-year-old girls and 3-year-old boys.
- BEvaluate the effectiveness of a diet program by measuring how much weight is lost during 4 weeks of dieting.
- CEvaluate the effectiveness of a cholesterol medication by comparing cholesterol levels before and after the medication.
- DEvaluate the development of verbal skills between age 2 and age 3 for a sample of girls.
35
A researcher reports t(24) = 5.30 for an independent-measures experiment. How many individuals participated in the entire experiment?- A25
- B12
- C26
- D24
36
An independent-measures experiment uses one sample with n = 10 and a second sample with n = 15 to compare two experimental treatments. The t statistic from this experiment will have degrees of freedom equal to ____.- A23
- B24
- C25
- D26
37The results of an independent-measures research study are reported as "t(5) = -2.12, p = .67, two tails." What statistical decision was made?
- AThere was a marginally significant effect.
- BThe researcher failed to reject H0.
- CThe null hypothesis was rejected.
- DCannot be determined from the researcher's statement
38Which of the following is a parametric test?
- AWilcoxon
- BMann-Whitney
- CSpearman's RHO
- DPearson's r
39Which is NOT an assumption underlying Parametric tests?
- AAt least interval level data
- BNormally Distributed
- CDoesn't meet the homogeneity of variance
- DNo extreme scores
40What is the Pearson r in this correlation?
- A-.296
- B211
- C.000
- D1
41What is the P value in this Pearson correlation?
- AP=.000
- BP<.001
- CP>.001
- DP=-.291
42What is the sample size used?
- A211
- B1
- C.000
- D-.291
43What is the P value and can we reject the null hypothesis?
- A.993, no
- B.993, yes
- C.987, no
- D.000, yes
44There is a _______ % chance of the results being obtained by sampling error alone
- A99%
- B-0.1%
- C-.009%
- D98%
45What does reliability mean?
- AUsed to measure the degree to which something measures what it is supposed to and whether the cause and effect can be understood
- BUsed to measure the degree of which measurements are consistent or repeatable and whether the experiment yields similar reults
- CShould yield similar results irrespective of who administers it
- DFace, content, concurrent etc
46What does validity mean?
- ATo what degree are measurements consistent and repeatable
- BTo what degree the experiment measures what it is supposed to
- CTo what degree findings are similar irrespective of who administers them
- DIncludes internal consistency measures e.g. split half, odd-even etc
47Which is NOT a method of assessing reliability?
- ACronbach's Alpha
- BTest-retest
- CInter-rater
- DKnown groups
48What is the correct order for hypothesis testing?
- AGenerate a hypothesis, Conduct a study, Work out probability, Decide to reject or accept the null hypothesis
- BConduct a study, Generate a hypothesis, Work out probability, Decide to reject or accept the null hypothesis
- CWork out probability, Generate a hypothesis, Decide to reject or accept the null hypothesis, Conduct a study
- DDecide to reject or accept the null hypothesis, Conduct a study, Work out probability, Generate a hypothesis
49What is the critical region in relation to a normal distribution?
- AThe middle 95%
- BThe 5% underneath the tails
- CThe whole curve
- DThere isn't a critical region
50What is the SS of the following numbers? 5,7,1,4
- A18.74
- B-36.745
- C36.75
- D10.5
51Chocolate will positively correlate with happiness. What type of directional hypothesis is this?
- AOne-tailed
- BTwo-Tailed
- CType I
- DType II
52In a set of data with extreme scores what would be the best measure of central tendency?
- AMean
- BMedian
- CMode
- DRange
53Repeated measures, normally distributed, Violation of homogeneity of variance. What statistical test should be used?
- AWilcoxon
- BMann-Whitney
- CPearson's r
- DChi-Square
54Independent groups, Normally distributed, Violation of homogeneity of variance. What statistical test should be used?
- AWIlcoxon
- BChi-square
- CMann-Whitney
- DSpearman's RHO
55The standard error is...
- AThe standard deviation divided by the square root of the number of participants in the sample
- BThe square root of variance
- CA point estimate
- DN squared
56What is t when the sample mean is 36 and the population mean in 57 and a standard error of 5.6?
- A-3.75
- B3.75
- C4.28
- D-4.28
57In relation to Cohen's d what are the effect sizes?
- A0.2=small, 0.5=moderate, 0.8=large
- B0.2=large, 0.5=moderate, 0.8=small
- C0.3=small, 0.6=moderate, 0.9=large
- D0.3=large, 0.6=moderate, 0.9=small
58If two variables are totally independent, then the correlation between them is:
- A-0.1
- B-1
- C1
- Dzero
59In an independent t-test, you would use the equal variances are not assumed part of the output when Levene's test is
- AAbove a criterion significance level (e.g. p>0.05)
- BBelow a criterion significance level (e.g. p<0.05)
- CWhen number of participants are unequal in the two conditions
- DWhen you have skewed data
60Levene's test is:
- AA test of heterogeneity that relies on the assumption of abnormality
- BA test of homogeneity that relies on the assumption of abnormality
- CA test of heterogeneity that does not rely on the assumption of normality
- DA test of homogeneity of variances that does not rely on the assumption of normality
61We can't use a single t-test to compare:
- A1 group to a population (one;sample t;test)
- B2 groups to each other (independent;samples t;test)
- CScores on 2 measures to each other (paired;samples t;test)
- DMore than two groups
62How many t-test comparisons would you need to conduct as follow ups, if there are 8 levels in the factor?
- A21
- B25
- C28
- D35
63What is the main problem with using multiple t-tests?
- AIncreased chances of a type one error (reject the null hypothesis when it is true) as each comparison increases p-value
- BIncreased chances of a type two error (failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false) as each comparison decreases p-value
- CThere isn't one
64The narrower the confidence intervals:
- AThe more confidence you can place in your results
- BThe less you can rely on the results
- CThe greater the chance that your results were due to sampling error
65Repeated measures designs are:
- AAre exactly the same power as independent design
- BLess powerful than independent designs
- CMore powerful than independent designs
- DNone of the above
66Sample means are:
- APoint estimates of sample means
- BInterval estimates of population means
- CInterval estimates of sample means
- DPoint estimates of population means
67For an experiment comparing two treatment conditions, an independent-measures design would obtain ____ score(s) for each subject and a repeated-measures design would obtain ____ score(s) for each subject.
- A1, 2
- B2, 1
- C2, 2
- D1, 1
68A repeated-measures study finds a mean difference of MD = 5 points between two treatment conditions. Which of the following sample characteristics is most likely to produce a significant t statistic for the hypothesis test?
- AA small sample size (n) and a large variance
- BA small sample size (n) and a small variance
- CA large sample size (n) and a small variance
- DA large sample size (n) and a large variance
69For which of the following situations would a repeated-measures research design be appropriate?
- AComparing problem solving skills for science majors versus art majors at a college
- BComparing self-esteem for students who participate in school athletics versus those who do not
- CComparing pain tolerance before and after taking a new pain medication
- DComparing verbal skills for girls versus boys at age 3
70A research report describing the results from a repeated-measures study includes the following: "The data show no significant difference between the two treatments, t(10) = 1.65, p = .07." Based on this report, you can conclude that a total of ____ individuals participated in the research study .
- A10
- B11
- C12
- D9
71For the repeated-measures t statistic, df = ____.
- A(n1 - 1) + (n2 - 1)
- Bn1 + n2 - 2
- Cn - 1
- Dn1 + n2 - 1
72A repeated-measures experiment and a matched-subjects experiment both produce t statistics with df = 20. Which experiment used more subjects?
- AThey both used n = 22 subjects
- BRepeated measures
- CThey both used n = 21 subjects.
- DMatched subjects
73Which of the following sets of data is most likely to produce a significant t statistic? NB: MD = Mean Difference, SS = Sum of Squared Deviations
- AMD = 2 and SS = 10
- BMD = 2 and SS = 100
- CMD = 10 and SS = 10
- DMD = 10 and SS = 100
74
If the null hypothesis is true, on average the expected value for the related-samples t statistic is ____.- A1
- B1.96
- Ct > 1.96
- D0
75A research report describing the results from a repeated-measures study states, "The data showed a significant difference between treatments, t(22) = 4.71, p < .001." From this report you can conclude that the outcome of the hypothesis test was ____.
- ATo reject the null hypothesis
- BTo fail to reject the null hypothesis
- CTo make a Type II error
- DTo make a Type I error
76
The purpose for post tests is- ATo determine whether or not a Type I error was committed.
- BTo determine how much difference exists between the treatments.
- CTo determine which treatments are significantly different.
- DNone of the above.
77In general, the largest F-ratio will be obtained when the differences between sample means are ____ and the magnitudes of the sample variances are ____.
- ASmall, small
- BSmall, large
- CLarge, small
- DLarge, large
78In analysis of variance, the F-ratio is a ratio of?
- ASample means
- BSample means divided by variances
- CVariances
- DSample variances divided by sample means
79In analysis of variance, the term factor refers to ____.
- AA dependent variable
- BAn independent (or quasi-independent) variable
- CA treatment mean
- DA treatment total
80When the null hypothesis is true for an ANOVA, what is the expected value for the F-ratio?
- A0
- B1.00
- Ck - 1
- DN - k
81For an experiment comparing more than two treatment conditions you should use analysis of variance rather than separate t tests because ____.
- AYou are less likely to make a mistake in the computations of ANOVA
- BA test based on variances is more sensitive than a test based on means
- CANOVA has less risk of a Type I Error because several means are compared in one test
- DANOVA has less risk of a Type II Error because several means are compared in one test
82Under what circumstances is the experimentwise alpha level a concern?
- AWhenever you do an analysis of variance
- BWhenever an experiment compares exactly two treatments
- CWhenever an experiment involves more than one hypothesis test
- DWhenever the alpha level is greater than .05
83How many levels did the independent variable have?
- A2
- B1
- C3
- D4
84Which of the following statistical statements best describes the result of the analysis:
- AF(2,197) = 3.45, p = .034
- BF(2,197) = 3.45, p = 0.034
- CF(2,195) = 3.45, p = 0.034
- DF(2,195) = 3.45, p = .034
85How many participants were included in this analysis?
- A195
- B197
- C198
- D194
86A study finds a correlation coefficient of 0.5, what amount of variance is left unexplained?
- A50%
- B75%
- C40%
- D64%
87A study finds an effect size of 64%, what is the value of Pearson's r?
- A0.64
- B0.36
- C0.8
- D36%
88What is the basis or logic of inferential statistical tests?
- ATo work out the probability of obtaining an effect due to sampling error when the null hypothesis is true
- BTo work out the probability of obtaining an effect due to sampling error when the null hypothesis is false
- CTo work out the probability of making a type II error
- DAll of the answers
89Power of an experiment is:
- Aα
- BThe ability of the experiment to reject the null hypothesis if it is, in fact, false
- CThe sensitivity of participants to your experimental manipulation
- DAll of the answers
90How do we denote power?
- Aα
- B1 - α
- Cβ
- D1 - β
91Quasi-experimental designs have?
- ANon-random allocation of participants to conditions
- BAn IV and a DV
- CNo IV or DV
- DBoth an IV and a DV as well as non-random allocation of participants in conditions
92The higher the t-value, the more likely it is that the differences between groups are:
- AA result of sampling error
- BNot a result of sampling error
- CSimilar to each other
- DNone of the answers
93The effect size for independent groups, d, can be calculated by:
- A(Mean 1 - Mean 2) / mean SD
- B(Mean 1 + Mean 2) / mean SD
- C(Mean 1 - Mean 2) / SEM
- D(Mean 1 + Mean 2) / SEM
94Power is the ability to detect:
- AA statistically significant effect where one exists
- BA psychologically important effect where one exists
- CBoth Statistically and Psychologically important
- DDesign flaws
95A researcher has found a correlation coefficient of r=+.3, CI(95%) = -.2 - (+.7). Which is the most sensible conclusion? We are 95% confident that the population regression line would be:
- APositive (+.3)
- BZero
- CNegative (-.2)
- DBetween -.2 and +.7
96When the between-groups variance is a lot larger than the within-groups variance, the F-value is _____ and the likelihood of such a result occurring by sampling error ____.
- ALarge;Increases
- BLarge;Decreases
- CSmall;Increases
- DSmall;Decreases
Información
- Descripción
- Taken from the homework. i have added questions to test your knowledge on statistics
- Autor
- Ben Armstrong
- Idioma
- English
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