Fichas
Oceanography
Fichas del conjunto (36)
- 1What is Salinity?Salinity is how salty the water is in parts per thousand
- 2What is Marcet's Principle?-The ratio of one major ion in solution to another remains the same
-Salinity can vary, but the major ions exist in the same proportions
-Applies only to the conservative ions, non conservative ions ratios vary - 3What is a cation? An anion? Why is water very good at keeping these ions in solution?-Cation: A positively charged ion
-Anion: A negatively charged ion
-Water molecule is polar has two positive ions and one negative ion so the ions in the water are attracted to the water molecules - 4What are the 7 most abundant ions in seawater? Why are these the most abundant?-Chloride, Sodium, Sulfate, Magnesium, Calcium, Potassium, Hydrogen Carbonate
-Abundant because they aren’t used by anything for biological activity and they stay in the water for a long time. They have high resonance numbers which leads to high concentration - 5What is a biogeochemical cycle?-The flow of chemical elements and compounds between living organisms and the physical environment.
-How one element moves between the abiotic (no living things, physical processes) and biotic compartments of the earth - 6What is a nutrient? Why are they important? Name 3 major and 3 minor Nutrients. What is each used for by biology?-A nutrient is a substance that provides nourishment essential for growth
-Nutrients are important to sustain life (the growth of plants which are eaten by animals)
-3 Major Nutrients: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), Silicon (Si)
-3 Minor Nutrients: Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), Zinc (Zn) - 7Describe the Nutrient cycle between the mesopelagic (twilight) zone and the euphotic zone. What are the important physical processes? What are the important biological processes?-Autotrophy occurs in the Euphotic zone where CO2 and nutrients is put into photosynthesis and organic matter and oxygen are taken out. Oxygen and organic matter are exported into the twilight zone through marine snow. Heterotrophy occurs in the twilights zone which is called respiration where organic matter and oxygen are turned back into co2 and nutrients. Due to upwelling, those nutrients are then brought to the surface and the process occurs again.
- 8Describe the process of autotrophy. What is an autotroph? What chemical reaction is associated with autotrophy? What are the reactants and what are the products of this biochemical process?-Autotrophy is the process of turning nutrients and co2 into organic matter and oxygen through the process of photosynthesis.
- 9Describe the process of heterotrophy. What is a heterotroph? What chemical reaction is associated with heterotrophy? What are the reactants and what are the products of this biochemical process.-The process of heterotrophy is the reverse of autotrophy. This process is taking organic matter and oxygen and turning it into nutrients and co2 through the process or respiration. A Heterotroph is an organism that derives its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances. Respiration is the chemical reaction and the reactants are organic matter and oxygen. The products are nutrients and co2.
- 10What process adds nitrogen to the ocean? How does this process operate? i.e. physical or biological? Chemical reactant? Product?-Nitrogen cycle is what adds nitrogen to the ocean.
-Mainly derived from the atmosphere where cyanobacteria converts the nitrogen from the atmosphere N2 gas to NH4
-Biological process - 11What process removes nitrogen to the ocean? How does this process operate? i.e. physical or biological? Chemical reactant? Product?-Denitrification is the process that removes nitrogen from the ocean. Happens in low oxygen environments where microbes use NO3 and convert to N2.
- 12Describe the three ocean internal cycling process that transform nitrogen between biological and chemical forms.-Consumption: plankton take up any of the 2 nutrient forms of N for growth
-Decomposition: (remineralization) releases NH4 from decaying organic matter
-Nitrification: Microbes oxidize NH4 to NO2 to NO3 to gain energy - 13What is a high nutrient – low chlorophyll (HNLC) region? Why does it develop?-A region where there are high nutrients but there is no growth because there is no iron. It develops because there is no iron source. – No plankton blooms
- 14What is the Redfield Ratio? What does it describe or compare? What are the numbers associated with the following elements in the ratio? C:N:P:O2:Si:Fe-106C :16N :1P: 138O2 : 40Si : 0.01Fe
-Compares constant ratios of nutrients in marine plankton and seawater
-Constant ratios in the open ocean - 15How can the Redfield Ratio be used to determine nutrient limitation of phytoplankton growth?-N:P=?
-N:P = 20:1 > 16:1 so N is abundant and P is limiting
-N:P = 10:1 < 16:1 so P is abundant and N is limiting - 16Name the six elemental depth profile types we discussed in class. What are the processes that contribute to creating each profile type? What are some example elements that follow each type? Be able to sketch each type of profile-Conservative -> Na, Cl
-(Nutrient) photic zone depletion -> Cd, Zn, Ge
-Sea surface enrichment -> Pb, Al
-Bottom water enrichment -> Al, Mn
-Mid water maximum -> Mn, 3He
-Deep ocean depletion -> Cu, Be - 17Describe the terms bio unlimited, bio limited, and bio intermediate with example elements of each-Bio unlimited: biology has no effect on distribution (Na, CL)
-Bio limited: biology has a large effect on distribution. Concentration goes to zero at the surface due to photosynthesis. (Fe, Zn)
-Bio intermediate: biology has a smaller effect on distribution. Concentration does not go to zero at surface (Sr, Ba) - 18What two factors affect air-sea gas exchange?- Concentration gradient between the surface ocean and the atmosphere concentration
-Wind driven turbulence - 19What five factors affect the solubility (saturation concentration) of dissolved gas?-Gas Type
-Temperature
-Salinity
-Partial Pressure
-Chemistry - 20Define the concepts of ocean – atmosphere equilibrium, undersaturation, and supersaturation with respect to dissolved gasses.-equilibrium is when the concentration of dissolved gas matches that in the atmosphere.
-Undersaturation is when there is less gas in seawater than there should be
-Supersaturation is when there is more gas in seawater than there should be - 21What Processes control the depth profile of an inert (unreactive) gas such as O2 and CO2? Be able to sketch their depth profiles.-Water Temperature – Inert gas means it doesn’t react with anything. Should be a conservative profile you’d think. Increasing with depth profile
- 22What processes control the depth profile of biologically reactive gasses such as O2 and CO2? Be able to sketch their depth profiles.-Photosynthesis and respiration control the depth profile of reactive gasses because at the surface photosynthesis is occurring so oxygen is high and co2 is low. At greater depths the opposite is true due to respiration. Additionally, colder waters hold more gas
- 23What is hypoxia? What is anoxia?-Hypoxia: Low oxygen affects organisms (manly coastal areas in the summer- Gulf of Mexico)
-Anoxia: An absence of oxygen (Black Sea) - 24What is apparent oxygen utilization? Where is AOU higher, Pacific or Atlantic?-The difference between the saturated O2 for a given temperature and salinity and the measured O2
-AOU>0 net respiration
-AOU<0 net production
-Higher in the Pacific because older waters, more time to accumulate marine snow - 25What is an Oxygen Deficient Zone? What two processes combine to create them? Where in the world ocean are they located?-Oxygen deficient zone is when there is little oxygen.
-Poor circulation contributes to a slow replenishment of oxygen.
-Climate warming increases water temperature making the ocean lose oxygen
-Coastal areas in the summer, warmer waters. ex: gulf of mexico - 26Describe the two main causes of ocean deoxygenation with climate change.-Climate warming, Ocean water warming -> holds less gas
-Warm waters sink less so less oxygen entering the deep ocean - 27Why is atmospheric CO2 so soluble in seawater?-Because the carbon reacts with water since it is polar to create carbonic acid
- 28What are the three components of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC)?- DIC: HCO3- + CO32- + CO2 Carbonic Acid, Carbonate, Carbon dioxide
- 29Describe the process of ocean acidification including its root cause.-CO2 from the atmosphere enters the water and reacts with water to form carbonic acid which then breaks down into hydrogen ions bicarbonate ions and carbonate ions. Carbonate is used to build shells
- 30Describe why a depth profile of ocean pH is a mirror image of a DIC profile.- because at a small depth we have a small amount of DIC which means we have a little carbonic acid and co2.
-This means low amounts of acid will have a higher ph
-The graph becomes inverse as depth increases because when you increase DIC you increase the carbonic acid you have which will decrease the acidity. - 31Describe the ocean’s solubility carbon pump. Where does CO2 enter the ocean? Where does CO2 exit the ocean?-North Atlantic deep water formation transports CO2 to depth, Warm surface western boundary currents cool as they enter subpolar lat. Taking up CO2 from the atmosphere, Upwelling where the ocean breaths and CO2 is put out to the atmosphere, No significant CO2 uptake in southern ocean because deep water if forming from already cold water.
-CO2 enters the ocean in “sink” areas = purple regions (higher lat)
-CO2 exits the ocean in “source” areas = Red regions (equator) - 32Describe the ocean’s biological carbon pump. Where is the biological pump the strongest?-Co2 enters the ocean from the atmosphere and is used in the surface ocean by phytoplankton and bacteria for photosynthesis. Some of the CO2 sinks from marine snow to the deep ocean where it goes into deep water formation and deep consumers. Some CO2 is brought back up through ventilation / upwelling and released out into the atmosphere again.
- 33What is the greenhouse effect? Which gas contributes to this effect?-The trapping of the suns warmth in the lower atmosphere from suns radiation.
-Carbon Dioxide, CO2 - 34Describe the effect of the ocean acidification on the process of marine calcification and the growth of marine calcifies like coccolithophores and foraminifera.- The increase in acidity causes CO2 + H2O -> HCO3 and that CO3 is being used to make carbonic acid instead of making organisms shells
- 35How is CO2 naturally removed from the ocean over long (geologic) timescales?-It is naturally removed from the ocean through upwelling and ventilation.
- 36Where in the ocean are carbonates more likely to accumulate?-Where the water is shallow because the carbonates haven’t dissolved yet. This happens along mid ocean ridges.
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- Fichas sobre Oceanography, creado por Kate Odonnell el 08/11/2018.
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- Kate Odonnell
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