Fichas
Variables
Fichas del conjunto (12)
- 1What is the Independent variable?Variable the experimenter manipulates (i.e. changes) – assumed to have a direct effect on the dependent variable.
- 2What is the dependent variable?Variable the experimenter measures, after making changes to the IV that are assumed to affect the DV
- 3What is an extraneous variable and what are the 4 types?These are all variables, which are not the independent variable, but could affect the results (e.g. dependent variable) of the experiment.
1. Situational variables
2. Participant / person variables
3. Experimenter effects
4. Demand characteristics - 4What are situational variabels and how can they be controlled?Aspects of the environment that might affect the participant’s behavior, e.g. noise, temperature, lighting conditions, etc. Situational variables should be controlled so they are the same for all participants. Standardized procedures such as instructions are used to ensure that conditions are the same.
Situational variables also include order effects that can be controlled using counterbalancing, such as giving half the participants condition 'A' first, while the other half get condition 'B' first. - 5What are participant / person variables and how can they be controlled?This refers to the ways in which each participant varies from the other, and how this could affect the results e.g. mood, intelligence, anxiety, nerves, concentration etc. Participant variables can be controlled using random allocation to the conditions of the independent variable.
- 6What are experimenter / investigator effects?The experimenter unconsciously conveys to participants how they should behave - this is called experimenter bias. The experiment may give unintentional clues to the participants about what the experiment is about and how they expect them to behave. The experimenter is often totally unaware of the influence which s/he is exerting and the cues may be very subtle but they may have an influence nevertheless. Also, the personal attributes (e.g. age, gender, accent, manner etc.) of the experiment can affect the behavior of the participants.
- 7What are demand characteristics?These are clues in an experiment which convey to the participant the purpose of the research. Participants will be affected by: (i) their surroundings; (ii) the researcher’s characteristics; (iii) the researcher’s behavior (e.g. non-verbal communication), and (iv) their interpretation of what is going on in the situation. Experimenters should attempt to minimize these factors by keeping the environment as natural as possible, carefully following standardized procedures. Finally, perhaps different experimenters should be used to see if they obtain similar results.
- 8What are confounding variables?Confounding variables are factors which may affect results if not properly controlled. They are linked to participants, research design ( method) , researcher and situation. This type of variable can have an impact on the dependent variable, which can make it difficult to determine if the results are due to the influence of the independent variable, the confounding variable or an interaction of the two.
- 9Confouding variable 1 = ParticipantsProblem = Individual differences
- 10Confounding variable 2 = MethodProblem = Artificiality
- 11Confounding variable 3 = DesignProblem = Order effects / Practice effects
Problem = Demand characteristics
Problem = Experimenter effects - 12Confounding variable 4 = procedureProblem = Distraction or confusion
Información
- Descripción
- Degree (Research Methods) Psychology Fichas sobre Variables , creado por Molly Macgregor el 05/01/2016.
- Creado por
- Molly Macgregor
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- 3
- Valoración