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Psychology Chapter 3 (set 1 of 2)

Victoria hamm pyschology AS - Level Inglés 97 fichas

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  1. 1acetylcholine (ACh):One of seven major neurotransmitters.
    -controls muscle movement and plays a role in mental processes such as learning, memory, attention, sleeping, and dreaming.
  2. 2action potentialthe impulse of positive charge that runs down an axon.
  3. 3adoption studiesresearch into hereditary influence in which adopted people are compared to their biological and adoptive parents.
  4. 4allelespairs or alternate forms of a gene.
  5. 5all-or-none principlethe idea that once the threshold has been crossed, an action potential either fires or it does not; there is no half-way.
  6. 6Amygdalaa small, almond-shaped structure located directly in front of the hippocampus; has connections with many important brain regions and is important for processing emotional information, especially that related to fear.
  7. 7antisensesynthetic DNA sequence used to block the expression of a gene.
  8. 8aphasiadeficit in the ability to speak or comprehend language.
  9. 9arborizationthe growth & formation of new dendrites
  10. 10association cortexcortical areas that do not produce movement or sensation when stimulated; involved in complex perception and thought.
  11. 11autonomic nervous system (ANS)all the nerves of the peripheral nervous system that serve involuntary systems of the body, such as the internal organs and glands.
  12. 12axona long projection that extends from a neuron’s soma; it transmits electrical impulses toward the adjacent neuron & stimulates the release of neurotransmitters.
  13. 13basal gangliaa collection of structures surrounding the thalamus involved in voluntary motor control.
  14. 14behavioural geneticsthe scientific study of the role of heredity in behaviour
  15. 15Broca’s areaan area in the left frontal lobe responsible for the ability to produce speech
  16. 16central nervous system (CNS)the part of the nervous system that comprises the brain and spinal cord.
  17. 17cerebelluma hind-brain structure involved in body movement, balance, coordination, fine-tuning motor skills,& cognitive activities such as learning and language.
  18. 18cerebral cortexthe thin outer layer of the cerebrum, in which much of human thought, planning, perception, & consciousness takes place.
  19. 19chromosomescoiled-up threads of DNA
  20. 20cingulate gyrusa belt-like structure around the corpus callosum that plays an important role in attention and cognitive control.
  21. 21concentration gradientthe difference in the concentration of different ions across the neuronal
    cell membrane; creates a driving force for ion movement.
  22. 22contralateralityfact that one side of the brain controls movement on the opposite side
  23. 23contralateral neglecta condition in which individuals do not respond to one side of space, usually caused by damage to the right parietal lobe.
  24. 24corpus callosumthe nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the brain.
  25. 25dendritesfinger-like or tree-branch projections from a neuron’s soma that receive incoming messages from other neurons.
  26. 26depolarizationa change in the membrane potential of a neuron so that the inside of the cell becomes less negative.
  27. 27DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)a large molecule that contains genes. It contains the hereditary information of what makes us who we are.
  28. 28dominant genesgenes that show their effects even if there is only one copy of that gene in the pair. Out of the pair, dominant genes show expression when paired with recessive genes. ie. Brown eye genes dominate recessive blue eye genes.
  29. 29dopamineone of seven major neurotransmitters-it is released in response to behaviors that feel good or are rewarding experiences
  30. 30electrical gradientthe difference in charge across the neuron cell membrane; it creates a driving force for ion movement based on charge differences.
  31. 31electroencephaolography (EEG)a method for measuring brain activity in which the electrical activity of the brain is recorded from electrodes placed on a person’s scalp.
  32. 32electrophysiologystudy of electrical activity in the body
  33. 33enzymatic degradationa way of removing excess neurotransmitter from the synapse, in which enzymes specific for that neurotransmitter bind with the neurotransmitter & destroy it.
  34. 34epigeneticschange in the way genes are turned on or off without a change in the sequence of DNA.
  35. 35Epinephrine/adrenalineOne of seven major neurotransmitters- that arouses bodily systems (such as increasing heart rate, breathing, & alertness ). The body releases it in response to flight/fight/freeze situations.
  36. 36event-related potential (ERP)a special technique that extracts electrical activity from raw EEG data to measure cognitive processes.
  37. 37fraternal twinsnot to be confused with identical twins, these twins develop from two different eggs fertilized by two different sperm. sharing 50-50 gene traits.
  38. 38identical twinsnot to be confused with fraternal twins, these twins develop from a single fertilized egg that splits into two independent cells. Sharing the unique 100%-100% gene traits of one another.
  39. 39functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)a brain imaging technique that uses magnetic fields to produce very finely detailed images of the activity of areas of the brain and other soft tissues.
  40. 40GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain that tells post-synaptic neurons not to fire; it slows CNS activity and is necessary to regulate and control neural activity.
  41. 41gene-by-environment interaction researcha method of studying heritability by comparing genetic markers-Allows researchers to assess how genetic differences interact with environment to produce certain behaviors in some people but not in others.
  42. 42genessmall segments of DNA sequences that contain information for producing proteins.
  43. 43genomegrouping of genes, considered all the genetic information in DNA.
  44. 44glial cellscells of the central nervous system that provide structural support, promote efficient communication between neurons, and serve as scavengers, removing cellular debris. Supporters of the neuron.
  45. 45glutamatea major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain that increases the likelihood that a post-synaptic neuron will fire; important in learning, memory, neural processing, and brain development.
  46. 46graded potentialssmall changes in membrane potential that by themselves are insufficient to trigger an action potential.
  47. 47heritabilitythe extent to which a characteristic is influenced by genetics, and is passed on through reproduction.
  48. 48hippocampusa limbic structure that wraps itself around the thalamus; plays a vital role in learning and memory.
  49. 49hyperpolarizationa change in the membrane potential of a neuron so that the inside of
    the cell becomes more negative.
  50. 50hypothalamusa portion of the limbic system; the master regulator of almost all major drives & motives we have, such as hunger, thirst, temperature, & sexual behaviour; also controls the pituitary gland.
  51. 51insulaa small structure inside the cerebrum that plays an important role in the perception of bodily sensations, emotional states, empathy, & addictive behavior.
  52. 52interneuronsthe communication neurons that transmit only with other neurons. Most commonly release neuromodulators like acetylcholine.
  53. 53ionschemically charged particles that predominate in bodily fluids; found both inside and outside cells.
  54. 54knockoutA term used to define a removal of a gene from a genome. ie. an animal, usually a mouse, may have had a specific gene removed from its genome for scientific study & to observe expression of specific traits associated with the genes.
  55. 55lesioningintentionally damaging the brain with chemicals or electricity in order to determine how it effects the role in behavior.
  56. 56magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)a brain imaging technique that uses magnetic fields to produce very finely detailed images of the structure of the brain & soft tissues.
  57. 57medullaa hind-brain structure that extends directly from the spinal cord; regulates breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. Considered by Professor Davis"The human weakness area,or the last thing you want to lose in life."
  58. 58microdialysistechnique to measure released neurotransmitter by implanting a probe in the brain.
  59. 59monogenic transmissionthe hereditary passing on of traits determined by a single gene.
  60. 60motor neuronsnerve cells that carry commands for movement from the brain to the muscles of the body. The "exit" of information.
  61. 61myelin sheathAn neural axon insulator-the fatty substance wrapped around some axons, which insulates along the axon, making the nerve impulse travel more efficiently.
  62. 62neurogenesisthe development of new neurons, a time consuming process.
  63. 63neuronsthe cells that process & transmit information in the nervous system
  64. 64neuroplasticitythe brain’s ability to adopt new functions, reorganize itself, or make new neural connections throughout life, as a function of experience.
  65. 65neurotransmitterschemicals that transmit information between neurons, across the synapses.
  66. 66nodes of Ranviermost often called nodes, uninsulated gaps between segments of myelin along the axon of the neuron; the neuronal impulse travels by skipping from node to node, increasing the speed of conduction. They speed up reactions between neurons.
  67. 67norepinephrinea neurotransmitter that plays an important role in the sympathetic nervous system, energizing bodily systems, and increasing mental arousal and alertness.
  68. 68nucleus accumbensbasal ganglia structure involved in the reward sensations.
  69. 69parasympathetic nervous systemthe branch of the autonomic nervous system that usually relaxes or returns the body to a less active, restful state.
  70. 70peripheral nervous system (PNS)the part of the nervous system that comprises all the nerve cells in the body outside of the central nervous system.
  71. 71polygenic transmissionthe process by which many genes interact to create a single characteristic.
  72. 72ponsOne of three hindbrain structures that serves as a bridge between lower brain regions& higher midbrain and forebrain activity.
  73. 73positron emission tomography (PET)brain imaging technique that measures blood flow to areas in the active brain; indicates which brain areas are active during certain situations.
  74. 74postsynaptic neuronthe neuron on the receiving side of the synapse, neurotransmitters
    bind to receptors on its membrane.
  75. 75presynaptic neuronthe neuron on the "sending-side" of a synapse, it releases neurotransmitter in the terminal.
  76. 76prosopagnosiaa condition in which individuals don't recognize faces, often caused by damage to the right cortex.
  77. 77recessive geneThe genes that show their effects only when both alleles are the same in a gene pair. They don't express when paired with a dominant gene.
  78. 78reflexesinborn &involuntary behaviors—such as swallowing, sneezing, or vomiting—that are elicited by very specific stimuli & mainly cannot be inhibited by voluntary muscles.
  79. 79refractory periodthe span of time, after an action potential has been generated, when the neuron is returning to its resting state and the neuron cannot generate an action potential. "recharging period"
  80. 80resting potentialthe difference in electrical charge between the inside & outside of the axon when the neuron is at rest.
  81. 81reticular formationa network of nerve fibers that runs up through both the hind-brain & the mid-brain; it is crucial to waking up & to falling asleep.
  82. 82sensory neuronsneurons that receive incoming sensory information from the sense organs (eye, ear, skin, tongue, nose).
  83. 83serotoninOne of seven major neurotransmitters
    -with wide ranging effects: involved in dreaming & controlling emotional states, especially anger, anxiety, and depression.
  84. 84somathe cell body of the neuron-is the factory of the neuron. It produces all the proteins for the dendrites, axons & synaptic terminals and contains specialized organelles.
  85. 85somatic nervous systemnerve cells of the PNS that transmit sensory information to the central nervous system (CNS) and those that transmit information from the CNS to the skeletal muscles.
  86. 86sympathetic nervous systemthe branch of the autonomic nervous system that activates bodily systems in times of emergency.
  87. 87synapsethe junction between an axon & the adjacent neuron, where information is transmitted from one neuron to another.
  88. 88synaptic vesiclestiny sacs in the terminal buttons that contain neurotransmitters.
  89. 89synaptogenesisthe formation of entirely new synapses or connections with other neurons.
  90. 90terminalslittle knobs at the end of the axon that contain tiny sacs of neurotransmitters.
  91. 91thalamusa fore-brain structure that receives inputs from the ears, eyes, skin, or taste buds, and relays sensory information to the part of the cerebral cortex most involved in processing that specific kind of sensory information.
  92. 92thresholdmembrane potential of -55 mV, necessary for the generation of an action potential.
  93. 93transgenican animal, usually a mouse, that has a foreign gene inserted into its genome.
  94. 94twin studiesresearch into hereditary influence comparing pairs of fraternal &identical twins.
  95. 95twin-adoption studiesresearch into hereditary influence on twins, both identical& fraternal, who were raised apart (adopted) and who were raised together.
  96. 96viral-mediated gene transfertechnique whereby a gene is packaged into a virus & injected into a brain region.
  97. 97Wernicke’s areaan area deep in the left temporal lobe responsible for the ability to speak in meaningful sentences & to comprehend the meaning of speech.

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Descripción
A review of the key terms from chapter 3, Psyc 260
Creado por
Victoria hamm · may 2016
Actualizado
18 may 2016
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