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Chapter 11 - Exploring Psychology in Modules 10th Edition
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- 1maturationbiological growth processes
that enable orderly changes in behavior,
relatively uninfluenced by experience - 2critical periodan optimal period early
in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences
produces normal development. - 3cognitionall the mental activities
associated with thinking, knowing,
remembering, and communicating - 4schemaa concept or framework that
organizes and interprets information - 5assimilationinterpreting our new
experiences in terms of our existing
schemas. - 6accommodationadapting our current
understandings (schemas) to incorporate
new information. - 7sensorimotor stagein Piaget’s theory,
the stage (from birth to nearly 2 years
of age) during which infants know the
world mostly in terms of their sensory
impressions and motor activities. - 8object permanencethe awareness
that things continue to exist even when
not perceived. - 9preoperational stagein Piaget’s
theory, the stage (from about 2 to about
6 or 7 years of age) during which a child
learns to use language but does not yet
comprehend the mental operations of
concrete logic. - 10conservationthe principle (which
Piaget believed to be a part of concrete
operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number
remain the same despite changes in the
forms of objects. - 11egocentrismin Piaget’s theory, the
preoperational child’s difficulty taking
another’s point of view. - 12theory of mindpeople’s ideas about
their own and others’ mental states—
about their feelings, perceptions, and
thoughts, and the behaviors these might
predict. - 13concrete operational stagein Piaget’s
theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age)
during which children gain the mental
operations that enable them to think
logically about concrete events - 14formal operational stagein Piaget’s
theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age
12) during which people begin to think
logically about abstract concepts - 15autism spectrum disorder (ASD)a
disorder that appears in childhood and
is marked by significant deficiencies
in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and
repetitive behaviors. - 16stranger anxietythe fear of strangers
that infants commonly display, beginning
by about 8 months of age - 17attachmentan emotional tie with
another person; shown in young children
by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation. - 18imprintingthe process by which certain animals form strong attachments
during early life - 19temperamenta person’s characteristic
emotional reactivity and intensity - 20basic trustaccording to Erik Erikson, a
sense that the world is predictable and
trustworthy; said to be formed during
infancy by appropriate experiences with
responsive caregivers.