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GiU Topic 8 - Terminology
Fichas del conjunto (13)
- 1Adjective phrase dependents?→ Consist of an adjective alone or an adjective accompanied by one or more dependents
→ 2 types of dependents: complements and modifiers
→ COMPLEMENTS: controlled by the head-word; normally not omissible e.g. afraid of the dark, keen on skiing
→ MODIFIERS: always optional; AdjP modifiers express degree
→ Most common type = Premodifiers like AdvP (except enough) e.g. quite long enough, fiercely competitive
→ Not so common = Postmodifiers like PPs, clauses e.g. large for a frog, better than he thought - 2GradableMost adjectives are gradable. This means that their meaning can be modified (made stronger, weaker, or otherwise altered) by placing one or more adverbs in front of them. For example:
an expensive car
a very expensive car
a fairly expensive car
an extremely expensive car - 3Adverb phraseAn adverb phrase is simply two or more words that act as an adverb. It can modify a verb, adverb, or adjective and can tell “how”, “where”, “why”, or “when.”
Both premodifiers and postmodifiers possible
e.g. very calmly for someone in mortal danger; better than we had anticipated
Complements very rare; always PPs e.g. independently of the rest - 4Prepositional phrase→ Headed by preposition
→ Head comes first; info about it afterwards e.g. over the wooden bridge
Simple PP: one word e.g. at, behind, by, for, in, like, of, ...
Complex PP: more words e.g. by means of, in front of, in spite of, ...
At the corner
In the world
Through the looking glass
Over the rainbow
Under the sea
By the light of the moon
Around the sun - 5Stranded prepositionending a sentence with a preposition which prescprictive grammarians would object to (lol):
she enjoys being fussed over
they must be convinced of the commitment that they are taking on
Tom had no-one to play with
what music are you interested in? - 6Particle(in English) any of the class of words such as in, up, off, over, used with verbs to make phrasal verbs.
- 7Phrasal verbAn idiomatic phrase consisting of a verb and another element, typically either an adverb, as in break down, or a preposition, for example see to, or a combination of both, such as look down on.
- 8Gradience(mass noun) The absence of a clear-cut boundary between one category and another, for example between cup and mug in semantics.
- 9main (lexical) verbThe verb in a main clause.
- 10modal verbAn auxiliary verb that expresses necessity or possibility. English modal verbs include must, shall, will, should, would, can, could, may, and might.
They cannot function as main verbs, therefore another verb must come after them. They are modal auxiliaries. - 11Present participleThe form of a verb, ending in -ing in English, which is used in forming continuous tenses, e.g. in I'm thinking, alone in non-finite clauses, e.g. in sitting here, I haven't a care in the world, as a noun, e.g. in good thinking, and as an adjective, e.g. in running water.
Example sentences - 12GerundA verb form which functions as a noun, in Latin ending in -ndum (declinable), in English ending in -ing (e.g. asking in do you mind my asking you?).
- 13past participleThe form of a verb, typically ending in -ed in English, which is used in forming perfect and passive tenses and sometimes as an adjective, e.g. looked in have you looked?, lost in lost property.
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- (Terminology) Grammar in Use Fichas sobre GiU Topic 8 - Terminology, creado por Lisza Neumeier el 06/01/2017.
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- Lisza Neumeier
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