11798220
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Flashcards by Natasha Hewer, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Natasha Hewer
over 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| define church | large, formal organisation that tries to appeal to all members of society |
| what is a denomination | a smaller formal religious group that branches off the church otherworldly world accomodating e.g. baptist, Methodist and Pentecostalism |
| what is a sect | they are not bureaucratic and hierarchal but more egalitarian - a charismatic leader do not tolerate others world rejecting e.g. heavens gate |
| what is a cult | like a business has a loose structure 'this-worldly' have open membership attracts higher class as it emphasises on opportunity and success world affirming e.g. Scientology |
| Wallis Typology (1984) | the classification system to an understand what type of groups to join world rejecting - extreme (sects) world accommodating - tolerance/ accepts society (denomination) World affirming - celebrate, enjoy, embrace (cult) Marginalisation - Smaller groups - gives status |
| world rejecting | e.g. heaven gate clearly religious organisations with a clear notion of god seek change members live communally, with restricted contact with outside world conservative moral codes e.g. Sex |
| world accommodating | breakaway from existing mainstream churches or denomination e.g. Pentecostalism Neither accept nor reject the world, focus on religion |
| World affirming | Accept world as it is they are non-exclusive and tolerant of others e.g. cults. |
| Stark and Bainbridge | s+b subdivide cults according to how they are organised Audience Cults Client cults Cultic movements |
| Audience cults | least organised do not involve formal membership little interaction between members - use media |
| Client cults | based on relationships between a consultant and a client and provide services for their followers |
| Cultic Movements | most organised and demand higher levels of commitment than other cults |
| why are sects short lived | -commitment -protestant ethnic effect - death of charismatic Leader -changing circumstances -religious diversity -sectarian cycle evaluation is Wilson - established sects - Jehovah witnesses - conversionist sect - salvation army introversionist sect - Amish revolution - Jehovah witness |
| why do people join NRM | Marginality relative deprivation social change key to success disenchantment with-in in the world status frustration |
| theories of religion | ---- |
| functionalist | religions is part of the value consensus. meritocracy solidarity harmony security and peace functionalist believe society is a system of interrelated parts or social institutions, such as religion ev ignores division and conflict |
| Durheim | worshipping society, in places of worship, celebrate of society and condeming bad profane - ordinary things sacred - blessed, has a meaning totemism - studied the aborignes tribe that live in clans and worship a symbol - represents power of the group criticism Small scale study outdated no relative |
| Malinowski | religion helps with life crisis - birth, marriage and death by providing rituals e.g. baptism, funeral etc Trobriand Islanders - Pacific - pray before fishing in the ocean due to the danger rituals provide comfort |
| Parson | meaning of life - ticket to heaven creates and legitimates central values its a primary source of meaning |
| Bellah | civil religion Nationalism e.g. Princess Diana death and funeral, football world cup ev - no superpower |
| Marxism | see societies as divided into two class which exploits the labour of the other. |
| religious ideology Lenin | Spiritual gin - sees as an intoxicant doled out to the masses by the ruling class to confuse them and keep them in their place. mystical fog hymm - all things bright and beautiful |
| alienation - Marx | religion is a product of alienation becuase it involves becoming sperate frim or losing the control over somethin that one has produced or lost - expolt w/c religion as an Opium of people - just masks the pain rather than treating it. religion is a tool for oppression that masks exploItation and creates false consciousness |
| EV - Althusser | rejects the concept of alienation as unscientific as based on a romantic ideA that human beings have true-self |
| Examples to back up Marxists | Caste system divine rights of kings methodist church 298- |
| Feminism | evidence of patriarchy religious form of feminism |
| armstrong | Religious Organisations - mainly male dominated despite Women often participate more than men e.g.catholics forbid women to become priests. shes sees this as marginalisation. place of worship - often segregate the sexes and marginalise women. Women are also restricted from reading sacred texts. e.g. Islam - menstruating women are not allowed to touch the Qu'ran Sacred texts - feature the doing of male gods prophets etc and are usually written and interpreted by men. Stone reflect anti-female stereotypes e.g. Eve from the garden of Eden religious laws and customs - women are given fewer rights than men e.g. Divorce. Religious influence on cultural norms may lead to unequal treatment such as genital mutilation or punishment for sexual transgression. Many religions legitimate and regulate women's traditional and reproductive role e.g. catholic bans abortion and artifical contraception |
| evaluation of Armstrong importance of female gods | Armstrong- early religions often placed women at the centre e.g. earth mother goddess, fertility cult etc nut 4000 years ago the rise of monotheistic religions saw the establishment often single, all-powerful male gods. Saadawi - it's not a direct cause of subordination, just a result of patriarchy contributing to women oppression. patriarchy re-shapes religion - reinterpreting. Watson study and Woodhead- shows how young Muslim girls felt liberated by wearing their Hijab than older people felt like it was not needed. |
| religious forms of feminism | Woodhead criticises feminist explanations that simply equate religion with patriarchy and the oppression of women. Accepting that much traditional religion. She argues that there are religious forms of feminism ways in which women use religion to gain greater freedom and respect shes uses the hijab as western feminists sees it as a symbol of oppression as the wearer sees it as liberating. Gilliat - Ray - young british Muslim Women choose to wear a hijab in order to gain parental approval to enter further education and especially employment. Bruce - found belonging to a pentecostalist group can be empowering for some women. Despite the strong beliefs in traditional gender roles that such groups held, women are able to use religion to increase their power and influence. |
| piety movements | Rinaldo sees this pattern as typical of conservative movements that support traditional teachings about women's role, modest dress, prayer and bible study. Rinaldo argues that even within conservative religions, women find ways to further their own interests. However, m/c urban women (most likely to join piety movements) have Other resources such as education and income to pursue their goals |
| Liberal Protestant organisation | such as the Quakers are committed to gender equality and women playing leading roles feminists see religion as an instrument of patriarchy - a set of beliefs and practices responsible for women's subordination. Some feminists argue that religion is not always patriarchal. |
| conservative beliefs | religion functions to preserve things as they are they maintain the Status Quo |
| weber | Religion makes change calvinism -Capitalism - religion (Methodist) Elect - guaranteed a ticket to heaven - lived an ascetic (Humble/simple) and successful life by investing in factories and business salvation panic as they didn't know who was an elect Calvinism - this worldly |
| evaluation of Weber | ev Weber- Hinduism - ascetic and otherworldly Confucianism - not ascetic and this-worldly no capitalism kautsky argues that Weber overestimates the role of the ideas and underestimates economic factors in bringing capitalism preceded rather than followed Calvinism |
| religion and social protest american civil rights | Bruce - comparison the American civil rights - the struggle of the black civil rights movement of the 50's and 60's to end racial segregation is an example of a religiously motivated social struggle. Black clergy was able to shame whites into changing the law by appealing to their shared Christian values of equality |
| relgious organisation contributed to social change by | taking the moral high ground- Black clergy pointed out the hypocrisy of white clergy who preached love thy neighbour but support segregation. channelling dissent - religion provides channels to express political dissent e.g. funeral of MLK acting as honest broker - churches provide a context for negotiating changes because they often respected by both sides in a conflict and seen as standing above 'mere politics' Mobilising public opinion - black churches in the south successfully campaigned for the support across the world of America puts change into shaming those in power to put practice the principle of equality. |
| New Christian right | politically and morally conservative. they wish to turn the clock back to a time before liberation began. According to Bruce they failed because most America has liberal and democratic values. to achieve success the beliefs and demands of religiously motivated protest movements need to be consistent with wider society the civil rights movement did but the Christian movement has failed to do so. |
| Marxism and change dual charcter | Bloch - principle of hope having a dual character - negative and positive influence on social change Marxist often inhibit change but he emphasises that it can also inspire protest and rebellion Principle of hope - our dreams of a better life that contain images of utopia reward of heaven |
| liberation theology | S. America 1960 clergy - poor people who needed help Government was corrupt -rural poverty and growth of urban slums - human rights abuses following military overtake - the growing commitment of Catholic priests to Ideology that support the poor and opposed violations 70'S Base communites - support centres - education -financial aid -fid oppression religion is changed 80's pope disagreed returned to support capitalism |
| pentecostal challenge | liberation theology has faced competition from Pentecostal churches. lehmann liberation theory offers a radical solution to poverty while Pentecostalist's solution is conservative |
| millenarian movements | the idea behind this is to create a better world now. they expect a transformation of the world by supernatural means. the group will be saved not just the individual. e.g. Jehovah's witness worsley - appeals to the poor who are offered immediate improvement in their life cargo cults - approach religious ideas to unite native populations from diseparate tribes, this unity helped hem overthrow colonisers, thus bringing social change. |
| Gramsci | hegemony - power over the people Counter revolution - w/c overthrow hegemonic power through religion as it creates organic intellectuals who challenge hegemony. |
| Religion and class conflict | billings - coal miners in Kentucky - men - more unitied -organic intellituals -has churches to organise themselves -churches kept morale high against textilies workers - women - independent - lack leadership -only had company churches to meet - churches saw them as communist |
| secularisation evidence | statistics - wilson found 5% only attendent church on sundays attendence -only 40% attendented in 1998now it on a rapid decrease. religious beliefs are declining |
| Weber: rationalisation | process that undermines the religious worldview of the middle ages and replaced it with the rational scientific outlook found in modern society. |
| disenchantment | magic has been squeezed out of religion but people are believing in more practical and scientific beliefs. |
| a technological worldview | bruce - this technological worldview has largely replaced religious or supernatural explanations of why things happen. leaves little room for religious explanations in everyday life, which only survive in areas where technology is least effective |
| structural differentiation | Parsons defines structural differentiation as a process of specialisation that occurs with the development of industrial society |
| disengagement | religion has become disconnected from wider society as it doesn't have an influence on education, welfare or state. |
| social and cultural diversity | the decline of community - in pre-industrial communities shared values were expressed through collective religious rituals that integrated individuals and regulated their behaviour. However, it lost vitality when religion lost basis industrialisation - see this as undermining the consensus of religious beliefs that hold small communities give way to large urban communities with diverse beliefs and values. Social and geographical mobility broke up communities but brought people together the diversity of occupations, cultures and lifestyle undermine religion. |
| social and cultural diversity cricitisms | religion can be a source of identity on th worldview scale some religious communities are imagined communities that interact the use of global media pentecostal often flourish in impersonal urban areas. |
| religious diversity | the sacred canopy - a set of shared beliefs by all. these beliefs greater plausability because they has no challengers and the church version of the truth was unquestioned however society no longer single sacred canopy provided by one church. |
| plausibility structure | berger argues that this creates a crisis of credibility for religion. Diversity undermines the reasons why people find it believable. when there are alternative versions of religion to chose from. |
| cultural defence | is where religion provides a focal point for the defence of national, ethnic, local or group identity in a struggle against an external force such as a hostile foreign power |
| cultural transition | is where religion provides support and a sense of community for ethnic groups such as migrants to different country and culture. |
| Cultural defence and transition citicisms | Berger changed his view and now argues that diversity and choice actually stimulate interest in religion |
| secularisation in America | 1962 - wilson 45% attended church - superfical - american way of life bruce - decline in attendence - poll 1993 - 40% usa however 83% higher than actual stats why lie - sociably desirable answer Bruce - secularisation from within psychologised therapy no longer seeing salvation, they want personal improvement - church going is much less strict - less dogmatic practical relativism - accept there are other views - erosion of absolutism( one god) - too many religions - too many metanarrative - undermines our own views |
| criticisms of secularisation theory | - it changing form -theory is one sided , focuses on decline and not new forms -ignores people who want to go church - eurocentric -past was not a golden age failure will not be atheist. |
| evidence against secularisation | it's changing religion is only declining in Europe |
| postmodernist Obligation to consumption | NRM are increasing - individualism, choice, consumption |
| davie | believing without belonging - more privatised France - less children belonging Baptised - more adult choosing baptised |
| vicarious religion | - less clergy - minority - practising on behalf of majority still feel identity with the church - the church is a spiritual Health service people use it when they need to baptisms, wedding, funerals USA - high attendance G.b - Low attendance |
| crticisms | Voas + Crickett - belief and belonging are both declining Bruce - if they don't physical attend a place of worship shows no commitment day - 72% christian no revealing religion - non religious marker belief in belonging |
| Spiritual shopping | Leger - young people stopped going to church - cultural anaemia due to social equality - young - choice no religious duty but religion is not disappearing individual consumerism has replaced collective tradition 1 pilgrims - New age 2 converts - evangelical religion is not a collective identity |
| postmodern lyon - growth of NRMs | disembedded - moved out of its traditional location electronic church - online televangelism - deinstitutionalised - detached Hellend - religion online - top down - hierarchical - sogs of prays - online religion - cyber religion - sense of community - can respond |
| criticisms | Hoover - All of above supplement, not a substitute |
| religious consumerism | constructing our own identities leger - Pick n mix = individualism lyon - choice |
| Criticisms | too many metanarratives but lyon believe NRMs - evolving |
| new age | spiritual revolution and spiritual market lyon - re- enchantment weber - no rationality |
| criticisms | however it does not outwigh the decline in tradition religion - the problem of scale -socialisation of the next generation -weak commitment structural weakness |
| religious market theory | stark and Bainbridge secularisation theory - eurocentric USA religion is growing no golden age of religion 1 people are naturally religious and religion meets human needs - compensation - heaven 2 its a human nature to seek reward and avoid costs religious cycle decline - revive - renewal customers - compensation |
| competition in religious market theory | USA - competition - religion - choice, diversity - growth - televangelism - hare khisna/ moonies supply japan - prewar - shint - postwar choice relgion increases europe - monopoly of religion - decline |
| criticisms | Bruce- diversity - decline bruce - secularisation is worldwide and steadily decline Norns + Inglehart - Ireland - catholic - religion is strong - holland - choice - religion is weak contraditicting S+B Naturally religious - what does it mean? how? |
| existential security theory | religion gives comfort poor - more religious- has a high demand rich- non-religion - less demand USA- poor/rich - side by side -no welfare of state - religion - religion still answers ultimate question - mening of life |
| criticisms | not always a negative response people choose a religion - positive - quantitive data - income level |
| why are ethnic minority group more relgigious | -community identity/ defence -social deprivation, marginality and status -frustration -family pressure -social identity |
| gender and religion - why are women more religious | -greater life expectancy -social deprivation, Marginality and theory of disprivilege - Status frustration -Socialisation, motherhood and feminity - the declining participation of women |
| why do old people turn to religion | -disengagement -religious socialization - Ill health and death |
| why do young people seem to be less religious than older people | -the declining attraction from religion - the expanding spiritual market - the privatisation of beliefs - believing without belonging - secular spirituality and the sacred - secularization and the decline of metanarratives - Declining religion education - Pragmatic reasons - too busy ev - muslim religion is thriving |
| social class and religion | poor and religion churches and denominations secs, cults and new age |
| globalisation | the world is becoming smaller, connected, Internet deterriotorialisation - religion is not tied to specific area, and geographical area religion has become global - internet = pix and mix |
| User-orientated religious market transnational | less control less monopoly more information works worldwide UMMAH - muslim worldwide community 2005 - denmark - cartoon critising Mohammed - muslim worldwide untied - outcry against |
| four effects of globalisation | fundamentalism clash of civilisation cultural defence economic growth |
| the characteristics of fundamentalism | -appeal to traditions - an authoritive sacred text - mentality - aggressive reaction - modern technology -patriarchy prophecy conspiracy theories |
| fundamentalism and modernity | davie - fundamentalism happens when those who hold traditional orthodox beliefs and values are threatened by modernity and feel the need to define themselves products of modernity and feel they need to defend themselves giddens argues that fundamentalism is a product of and reaction to globalisation which undermines traditional social norms concerning the nuclear family, gender and sexuality |
| cosmopolitanism | tolerant of the view of others and open to new ideas, constantly reflecting on modifying beliefs in the lights of new info personal meaning and self- improvement |
| fundamentalism is a response to living in.... | postmodernism |
| resistance identity | a defensive reaction of those who feel threatened and retreat into fundamentalist communities |
| project identity | the response of those who are forward - looking and engage with social movement such as feminism and enviromentalism |
| criticisms of response to fundamentalism | - too sharply different cosmopolitanism and fundamentalism, ignore hybrid movement - fixaed on fundamentalism, ifnore development - lumps all types of fundamentalism together |
| monotheistic religion | god is seen through a single authoritive sacred tet. This beleieved to contain actually words of god and laids to follow |
| two fundamentalism | the west - fundamentalism is most often a reaction to change taking place in society, especially the trends towards diversity and choice typical of secular late modern society in third world, fundamentalism is usually a reaction to changes being thrust upon a society from outside e.g. iran |
| secular fundamentalism | is a reaction to fundamentalism e.g. France - burka |
| Clash of civilisation - Huntington | sees conflict has intensified since the collapse of communism 1989 an are symptoms of clash of civilisation. However, Huntington the problem is not Islam, functionalism, he blames Islam itself religious differences between civilisation are major sources of conflict due to globalisation has made nation- states less significant as a source of identity, creating a gap that religion has filled. Globalisation increases that contacts between civilisation, and the likelihood of conflict sees struggle of progress against barbarism. He believes the wesr is underthreat especially from Islam and urges the west to reassert its identity as civilisation. |
| religion has increased .... between civilisation for economic are military power e.g middle east | competition |
| Criticisms | Jackson see huntington work as orientation - stereotypes -Casanova arues he ignores important religious diversity - Horrie and Chipindale sees this as a grossly misleading neo-conservative ideology that portrays Islam as an enemy |
| god and globalisation in India | globalisation has brought rapid economic growth and has sen India become a more important player in the world political state. it has brought rising prosperity to same - india m/c. 85% of the population in the rise of new Hindu ultra-nationalism |
| hinduism and consumerism | globalisation has created a huge and prosperous scientifically educated, urban m/c in India working in IT, medicine etc to tied into global economy. these people turn to secularisation theory predict will be the first to abandon religion in favour of secular worldview |
| Nanda rejects ... | poverty and existential insecurity as an explanation because they are not poor. She also rejects the idea that their religiousity is a defensive reaction to modernisation/ westernisation. However, m/c are optimistic about opportunites that globalisation bring them. |
| hinduism ultra-nationalism | nanda notes that India's success in the global market is increasingly attributed to superiority of hindi values the worship of Hindi gods has become the same as worshipping the nation of india seen as a civil religion, However this is creating a widening gulf between hinduism and non hindu minorities. |
| capitalism in east Asia | the success of capitalism in EA has led to some sociologist argue that religion that religion has played a role similar to the calvinism played in development of capitialism in europe Tiger economics |
| Pentacostalism in latin America | berger - functional equivilent to weber - calvinism berger argees with weber that an ethnic like protestantism is necessary to promote economic development and rawe society out of poverty - can be lead by an active minority with this world ascetic e.g. pentacostalism |
| criticisms | in Chile and S.Brazil Berger underlines weber point that religious ideas alone are not enough to produce economic development |
| pentacostalism : Global and local lehnmann | lehmann - Christianity accompanied colonisation and was imposed on the indigenous population by conquest - suppressing local religions it spread because it gained a popular following from below |
| success of pentacostalism as a global religion | part to it is the ability to incorporate local beliefs. Although it preaches a similar message using imagery and sybolism drawn from local cultures and believe. they create new local religious forms rather than simply replacing existing local beliefs with important one sucessful developing countries cause it is able to appeal to the poor who make up the majority of the population because media is used to spread message. |
| ideology and science is religion seen as closed or open is science seen as closed or open | religion - sacred, fixed, inchanging, self reinforcing science open - open to criticism, provisional refutable, potentially disprovable by testing |
| science as a belief system | open, has an impact |
| the impact of science | - has changed everyday life e.g. medicine, transport -technology has economic productivity and raises our standards of living can cause global warming and weapons of mass destruction science demonstrates the key feature distinguishing it from other belief systems as it is a cognitive power - predict and control the world in a way non-scientific beliefs cannot. |
| open belief system | Popper - science is an open belief system where every scientist's theories are open to scrutiny, criticism and testing by others. falsificationism - scientists set out to try and falsify existing theories, deliberately seeking evidence that would disprove them. |
| popper and falsificationism | if you discard falsified knowledge-claims is what enables scientific understanding of the world to grow. scientific knowledge is cumulative - it builds on the achievements of previous scientists to develop a greater understanding of the world. |
| criticism | the achievements of great scientists, no theory is ever to be taken as definitely true - there is always a possibility that someone will produce evidence to disprove it e.g. the world being round. in Popper's view, the key thing about scientific knowledge is that it is not sacred or absolute truth - it can always be questioned, criticised, tested and perhaps shown as false. |
| The CUDOS norms | Merton agrees with popper but argues that science can only thrive as a major social institution if it receives support from other institutions and values. Merton organised social activity needs an etho or set of norms that make scientists act in the way that serve the goal of increasing scientific knowledge. He identifies four such norms |
| what cudos stands for | communism - Scientific knowledge is not private property. A scientist must share it with the scientific community or knowledge won't grow. Universalism - the truth or falsity of scientific knowledge is judged by universal, objective criteria and not by the particular race, sex etc of the scientist who produced it Disinterestedness - this means being committed to discovering knowledge or its own sake. Having to publish their findings make it harder for scientists to practise fraud since it enables others to check their claims Organised Scepticism - no knowledge claim is regarded as sacred. Every idea is open to questioning, criticism and objective investigation. |
| closed belief systems | while scientific knowledge is provisional, open to challenge and potentially disprovable, religion claims to have special, perfect knowledge of the absolute truth. Its knowledge is literally sacred and religious organisations claim to hold it on god's divine authority. this mean it cannot be challenged. |
| horton | distinguishes between open and closed belief systems. Like Popper, he sees science as an open belief system- one where knowledge claims are open to criticism and can be disproved by testing. by contrast, religion, magic and many other belief system are clesed. whenever beleifs are threatened, a closed beleif system as a number of devices to prevent it from being disapproved - by the beleivers. |
| azande | chicken and the benge a way to solve problems reinforce social solidarity social control mechanism |
| self- sustaining beliefs | polany argue that all beliefs systems have three devices to sustain themselves in the face of apparently contradictory evidence. circularity - each idea in the system is explained in terms of another idea within the system and so on, round and round. subsidiary explanation e.g. If the oracle fails it may be explained away as due to the incorrect amount of benge denial of legitimacy to rivals - belief sstem reject alternative worldview by refusing to grant any legitimacy to their own assumptions. |
| Science is a closed belief system - velikosky | his idea was rejected without being read. A boycott in Velikovsky publisher was organised. Scientists who called for a fair hearing and for the theory to be put to the test were victimised and some even lost their jobs. this is closed because it's not open to ideas |
| kuhn | the paradigm tells scientists what reality is like, what problems to study and what methods and equipment to use, what will count as evidence, and even what answers they should find when they conduct research. Kuhn links this is puzzle solving - lays down he broad outlines and the scientist job is to carefully fill in the details. those who do succeed are rewarded with bigger research grants, professorship, nobel prizes and so on. |
| interpretivist sociologists | develop kuhn ideas further. they argue that all knowledge including scientific knowledge is socially constructed - it created y social groups use resources available to him - scientist take to be true and real are the product of shared, theories or paradigm that tell them what they shoul expect to see |
| woolglar | science is engaged in the same process of making sense or interpreting the world as everyone else. When confronted by evidence from their observation and experiments, they have decided what it means, but they persuade and experiments, they have decided what it means, but they persuade others to accept. A scientific fact is a social construction. |
| marxists and feminist postmodernists | see science as serving the interests of dominant groups another metanarrative. |
| lyotard | science falsely claims to find the truth about how the world works as a means or progress to a better society, whereas in relaity, science is just one more discourse or way of thinking that its used to dominate people. marxist and some postmodernist agrue hat science has become technoscience, simply serving capitalist interests by producing commodities for profit |
| ideology | set of idea and values that are distorted, false about the world. Ideas that conceal the interests of a particular group. ideas that prevent change by misleading people about the reality of the situation they are in. A self - sustaining belief system that is irrational and closed to criticism. |
| Marxism and ideology | capitalist class take advantage of the capitalist society, exploiting the workers' interests to overthrow capitalism by means a society in the men of production are collective, not privately, aimed and used to benefit society as a whole. for a revolution to occur- w/c must first become conscious of their true position. However the ruling class contril the means of ideas, through instutions such as education. ruling class ideology - equality will never work because it goes against human nature, victim blaming ideas about poverty, racist ideas about the inferiority of ethnic minorites. |
| hegemony and revolution | Gramsci refers to the ruling class 'ideological domination of society as hegemony. He argues that the w/c can develop ideas that challenge ruling class hegemony. Dual consciousness - a mixture of ruling class ideology and ideas they develop from their own direct expensive of exploitation and their struggles against it. Gramsci requires a politicial party organic - intellectuals - workers who through their anti capital struggles have develope a class consciousness. However, critics argue that its not the existence of a dominant ideology that keeps the worker in line and prevent attemps to overthrow capitalism |
| the ideology of nationalism | Nationalism is a form of false class consciousness that helps to prevent the overthrow of capitalism by dividing the international w/c. this is because nationalism encourages workers to beleive they have more in common with capitalists of their own country than with workers of other countries. This has enabled the ruling clss of each capitalist country to persude the w/c to fight wars on their behalf. |
| functionalism: nationalism as civil religion | integrates individuals into larger social and political and by making feel part of something greater than themselves nationalism functions as a civil religion that unities everyone such as religion or class education plays an important part in creating social solidarity and this may include collective rituals involves nationalist symbol such as the flag and national anthem, nation history |
| gellner - nationalism and modernity | sees it as a false consciousness - is a modern phenomenon motivates the population to endure the hardship and suffering that accompany the first phase of industrialisation therby enabling a state to modernise. |
| mannheim - ideology and utopia | ideological thought justifies keeping things as they are. this reflects the position and interests of privileged groups such as the capitalism class, these groups benefit system tend to be conservative and favour hierarchy utopian thought justifies the social change. it reflects the position and interests of the underprivileged and offers a w/c are disadvantaged by status quo see worldview as creqtions of groups of intellectuals who attach themselves to particular classes source of conflict |
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