Flashcards
neuroanatomy 2
Cards in this deck (154)
- 1What nerves are associated with the gustatory part of the solitary nucleus and what do these nerves doCN VII (ant. 2/3 tongue)
CN IX (post. 1/3/ tongue
CN V (epiglottis) - 2what nerves are associated with the commissural nucleus of the solitary nucleus and do these nerves doCN IX (carotid sinus/body
CNX (aortic arch +viscera (e.g. pulmonary stretch receptors - 3where can the solitary nucleus be located?from upper to mid medulla
- 4what is the fibre diameter? is it myelinated? conduction velocity? and the type of fibre? for sensory axon in PNS alpha A12-20
yes
80-120m/sec
primary spindle endings
golgi tendon organs - 5what is the fibre diameter? is it myelinated? conduction velocity? and the type of fibre? for sensory axon IN PNS beta A6-12
yes
35-75
secondary spindle endings
deep pressure receptors
cutaneous tactile receptors - 6what is the fibre diameter? is it myelinated? conduction velocity? and the type of fibre? for sensory axon IN PNS A deltoid1-6
yes
5-30
pain and temp.
crude touch - 7what is the fibre diameter? is it myelinated? conduction velocity? and the type of fibre? for sensory axon IN PNS C0.5-1.5
no
0.5-2
pain and temp - 8what is the fibre diameter? is it myelinated? conduction velocity? and the type of fibre? for motor axon IN PNS alpha A12-20
yes
80-120
motor to extrafusal m. fibres in skeletal m. - 9what is the fibre diameter? is it myelinated? conduction velocity? and the type of fibre? for motor axon IN PNS gamma A3-6
yes
15-30
motor to intrafusal m. fibres in spindles of skeletal mm. - 10what is the fibre diameter? is it myelinated? conduction velocity? and the type of fibre? for motor axon IN PNS B1-3
yes
3-14
preganglionic autonomic efferents - 11what is the fibre diameter? is it myelinated? conduction velocity? and the type of fibre? for motor axon IN PNS C0.5 - 1.5
no
0.5-2
postganglionic sympathetic - 12what is receptor adaptation?neuronal response becomes diminished
- 13what are some of the tactile (somatosensory) receptors that are associated with skin percieve touch, pressure and vibration?pacinian corpuscle
hair follicle receptor
meissners corpuscles
free nerve endings
merkels nerve endings
ruffini ending - 14which somatosensory tactile receptors are surrounded by a ct capsule and are therefore called encapsulated endingsmeissners corpuscles
pacinian corpuscles
ruffini ending - 15what does hair follicle receptors respond to?bending of hair shaft and so serve as light touch
rapidly adapting - 16what is the other name for hair follicle receptorperitrichial endings
- 17where can meissners corpuscles be foundmany areas but are concentrated in glabrous skin (palms, plantar surface of foot ect)
- 18what are meissners corpuscles sensitive totouch and vibration (low threshold, radidly adapting)
- 19where are pacinian corpuscles foundmany places like skin, jt capsules, mesentry and periosteum surrounding bone
- 20what do pacinian corpuscles respond to?pressure and vibration
(low threshold, very rapidly adapting) - 21what do ruffinis endings respond to and where are they found?stretch of collagen fibres and thus of skin
(low threshold and slowly adapting)
dermis - 22where are merkels disk locatedlips, fingers, toes and genetalia
- 23what are merkels disk sensitive topressure
(low threshold and slowly adapting) - 24where are free nerve endings foundskin (all layers) and organ capsules, lig, parietal peritoneum, endomysium of mm ect
- 25what sort of stimulus to free nerve endings repsond tolight touch, heat/cold, tissue damage,
(many act as pain receptors) - 26what are the two types of intrafusal m. fibresnuclear chain fibres
nuclear bag fibres - 27what are the two types of sensory axons within the muscle spindleannulospinal endings
flower-spray endings - 28what do annulospinal endings and flower-spray endings repspond to?stretch and influence the alpha motor neurones of m. in a reflex arc
- 29what is the proprioceptive organs in skeletal mm.?muscle spindles
- 30what three cells are involved in forming the neuromuscular junctionmotor neuron (presynaptic element- contains vesicles)
muscle fibre (forms postsynaptic element)
schwann cell (perisynaptic) - 31what are the three main lobes of the cerebellumflocculonodular lobe
anterior lobe
posterior lobe - 32what are the two parts of the flocculonodular lobe in the cerebellum and where are they locatednodule - end part of inf. vermis
flocculi - irregular shaoped mass on each side - 33in the wm of the cerebellum what are the core gm structures calleddeep cerebelli nuclei
- 34what are the four pairs of deep cerebelli nuclei called? form lateral to medialdentate
emboliform
globose
fastigial - 35what deep cerebelli nuclei is the largest?dentate
- 36what are the three layers of teh cerebeller ctxmolecular layer (outer)
purkinje cell layer
granule cell layer (iner) - 37where are the afferent projections to the cerebellum fromspinal cord (spinocerebeller fibres)
pons (pontocerebeller fibres)
vestibular nuclei (vestibulocerebeller fibres)
inferior olivary nucleus (olivocerebeller fibres - 38where are the fibres from that enter the cerebellum as climbing fibres? and from mossy fibres?climbing - inferior olivary nucleus
mossy - spinal cord, vestibular nuclei, pons (everywhere else basically) - 39where do climbing fibres synapsepurkinje cell
- 40where do mossy fibres synapsegranule cells
- 41where does teh main output from the cerebellum come from and where does it synapsefrom all three lobes from the = purkinje cells which synapse on
deep cerebellar nuclei - 42where does the deep cerebellar nuclei send fibres tothalamus (to ctx), vestibular nuclei, red nuclei, reticular formation
- 43what are the three sections of cerebellem recognised by comparative anatomy and what part do they link up witharchicerebellum = vestibulocerebellum
neocerebellum = pontocerebellum
paleocerebellum = spinocerebellum - 44what is the main function of the vestibulocerebblummaintain balance
- 45what does the vestibulocerebllum consists offlocculonodular lobe (and fastigial nucleus)
- 46where does the vestibulocerebellum get its input fromvestibulr nuclei
- 47where does fibres from vestibulocerebellum project toreticular formation, vestibulr nuclei and from there to spinal cord via reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts
- 48what does the spinocerebellum consists ofvermis (and globose and emboliform nucleus
- 49what is the main function of the spinocerebellumposture and m. tone
- 50where is the main input for the spinocerebeller fromspinocerebeller tracts carry proprioception, touch and pressure info
- 51the spinocerebllar tract projects via the deep cerebeller nuclei to where?thalamus, red nuclei, vestibular formation and vestibualr nucleus to influence the corticospinal, rubrospinal, reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts
- 52what is the main function of the pontocerebellumm. coordination
- 53what does the pontocerebellum consist ofcerebeller hemisphers (and dentate nucleus)
- 54where is the input from in the pontocerebellumpontine nuclei which is turn recieves fibres from cerebral ctx
- 55where do fibres from the pontocerebellum project tothalamic area( that in turn project to motor ctx) and to red nucleus
- 56which deep cerebellar nuclei are associated with the pontocerebellardentate nucleus
- 57which deep cerebellar nuclei are associated with the spinocerebbellumglobose and emboliform nucleus
- 58which deep cerebellar nuclei are assocatied with the vestibulocerebellumfastigial nucleus
- 59the superior cerebeller peduncle consists of which afferents and efferentsafferents
ventral spinocerebeller tract
tectocerebeller fibres
efferents
cerebellothalamic fibres - 60teh middle cerebeller peduncle consists of which afferent and efferent tractsafferent
pontocerebeller fibres
efferents
none - 61the inferior cerebellar peduncle consists of which afferent and efferentsafferents
dorsal spinocerebellar tract
olivocerebellar fibres
vestibulocerebeller fibres
efferent
cerebellovestibular fibres
cerebellireticular fibres - 62what are the functions of the basal gangliainhibit unwanted movemnt
role in posture and m. tone
to facilitate purposeful movements - 63basal ganglion is composed ofcorpus striatum:
striatum = caudate nucleus + putamen
pallidum = globus pallidus
subthalamic nucleus
substantia nigra - 64where does the striatum recieve fibres fromcerebral ctx
thalamus
substantia nigra - 65where does striatum send fibres toglobus pallidus
substantia niagra - 66where does the globus pallidus recieve input fromstriatum
subthalamic nucleus - 67where does globus pallidus send fibres tothalamus
subthalamic nucleus
pons - 68what is the bony core in the cochlea calledmodiolus
- 69what is three sections of the cochlear canalscala vestibuli
cochlear duct (scala media)
scala tympani - 70which of the three cochlear canals contain endolymphcochlea duct (scala media)
- 71which of the cochlear canal contain perilymphscala vestibuli and scala tympani
- 72which membrane separates the scala tympani and cochlear ductbasilar membrane
- 73what membrane separates the scala vestibuli and cochlear ductreissner memebrane (or vestibule memebrane)
- 74where does fibres relay synapse in in the auditory pathwayfrom spiral ganglion > cochlear nerve > ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei > inferior collilculus > medial geniculate body of thalamus > radiate out to auditory ctx
- 75where does low frequency sound endin primary auditory ctx (lateral)
- 76where does high frequency sound endprimary auditory ctx (medially)
- 77what part of the brain deals with formation of speechBroca's area
- 78what part of the brain deals with interpretation of speechWernicke's area
- 79what does the utricle and saccule detectdetect head position
- 80what is the structure called that the hair cells are embedded in the semicircular canalcupola
- 81what do semicircular canals detectdetect movement
- 82the cupola has a density similar to fluid in canal, what type of movement does it respond to?turning movements (angular accerleration) not static changes
- 83what are the two swelling in the vestibuleurticle and saccule
- 84what is the patch of sensory epithelium called in the urticlce and sacculemacula
- 85what is the gelatinous layer called that the special hair cells are embedded in the urtricle and saccule?otolithic membrane
- 86what is the crystal or calcium carbonate and protein called ontop of the gelatinous layer in the utricle and sacculeotoconia
- 87what are the three vestibular nuclei calledsuperior, lateral and medial
- 88What are some of the places the vestibular nuclei project fibres too in vestibular pathways?flocculonodular lobe, vestibular nuclei of contralateral side, inf. olivary nucleus, abducens n., trochlear n., oculomotor n., ventral horn motor nucleus
- 89What does the medial vestibulospinal tract do in terms of movementpromotoes movement of head to help maintain balance and fixation of gaze
- 90What part makes the thalamus in embryologydiencephalon
- 91What is the small posterior projection called in the thalamusPulvinar of thalamus
- 92What ventricle is assocatiated with the thalamus3rd
- 93what is one of the main function of the thalamusrelays and processes sensory and motor info en-route to ctx
- 94Which nucleus does NOT send fibres to cerebral cortexreticular nucleus
- 95where can the reticular nucleus be located on thalamus and what does it dolateral surface of thalamus
sends inhibitory firbres to all nuclei of thalamus - 96What is the thin sheet of WM called that can be found in the thalamus and separates the thalamus into two groups of nucleiInternal medullary lamina
- 97What are the four main groups of nuclei called in the thalamusintralaminar
ventral
lateral
medial - 98What is the function of the intralaminar group fo nucleiarousal from sleep
sensation of pain - 99Where does the intralaminar nuclei get input from, what is functioninput from reticular info and spinal sensory systems
influences level of conciousness and alertness - 100Where does the reticular nucleus get input form and what is functionrecieves diffuse cortical inputs and input from reticualr formation and projects to other thalamic nuclei
- 101what are the 3 layers of the eyeoutermost - cornea and sclera
middle - uveal tract (consists of iris, ciliary body and choriod coat)
inner layer - retina - 102where does the extraocular mm attache to in teh eyesclera
- 103what fibres suspends the lens?zonular fibres
- 104what chambers are found anterior to the lensaqueous chmabers (ant. and post)
- 105what chamber lies posterior to the lensvitreal cavity
- 106what structures secretes aqueus humourciliary body
- 107where does the aquos humor drainschlemm canal
- 108what are the two types of retinatemporal and nasal
- 109which retina does the temporal field project?nasal retina
- 110which retina does the nasal feild projecttemporal retina
- 111what does each rod containrhodopsin and light senstivite pigment
- 112what does cones contain1 of 3 opsin pigment, sensitive to either red, green or blue light
- 113what are the reasons for high visual acuity?(1) thinning of retina; layers
(2)n lack of rods, high conc. of cones
(3) low convergence - 114name the structures in the pathway of optic tractoptic nerve
optic chiasma
optic tract
lateral geniculate
optic radiation
striate ctx (primary visial ctx) - 115where do fibres cross in teh visual pathwayoptic chiasma
- 116what is the first synapse after leaving eye?lateral geniculaet nucleus
- 117something in temporal field fo right eye is projected where on retinasright eye - nasal retina
left eye - temporal retina - 118which fibres pass at optic chiasmanasal retina fibres
- 119where else, other than the visual ctx, do fibres from the retina project to?pretectal area adn superior colliculus
suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus (leave=ing optic chiasma dorsally) - 120what is teh tract called that fribres form lateral geniculate tacke to primary visual ctx?geniculocalcarine tract
- 121where does visual info from upper half of visual field go?ant round temproal part of lateral ventricle in meyers loop ending below the calcarine sulcu
- 122what suklcus is surrounded by the primary visual fieldcalcarine sulcus
- 123What is the primary visual feild also referred to as?area 17 or Brodman area or striate ctx
- 124where is the line of gennari located?vidual ctx
- 125Where is the lower visual feidl projected onto?gyrus superior to the calcarine sulcus
- 126where does the macula project to?post. pol of visual feild
- 127what blood supply does the visual ctx recieve primary?post. cerebral
- 128how much stripes are seen in the lateral genicualte6
- 129which strips in the lateral geniculate recieve visual info from fibres that haev crossed1,4,6
- 130which stripes of the lateral genicualet recieve uncrossed fibres2,3,5
- 131which stripes in the lateral geniculate are magnocellualr layers? and what is primary visual function1 and 2
high temporal resolution - 132which stripes in the lateral geniculate are parvocellular layers? and what is primary visual function3,4,5,6
detail - 133what is monocular blindnessblindness is one whole eye
- 134what is hemianopiablidness for half feild fo vision in one or both eyes
- 135what is homonomous losssame visual field looses vision
- 136which sensory group does the auditory pathway belongspecial sensory afferent
- 137what structure is responsible for the transduction of sound vibrations into electrical impulsesorgan of corti
- 138what do crossed fibres form in the auditory pathwaytrapezoid body
- 139what are the superior olivary nucleus and the lateral leminscus important forsound localisation and relays for stapedius and tensor tympani reflexes
- 140What do utricle and saccule respond tostatic movement - not moving
- 141what is the sense organ of semicircular canalscrista terminalis
- 142what is the afferent and efferent of the lateral geniculate bodya = optic
e = visual ctx - 143what is the afferent and efferent of the medial geniculate bodya = inferior colliculus
e = auditory ctx - 144what is the afferent and efferent of the ventroposterolateral nucleusa = sensory from body (spinothalamic tracts and medial lemniscus)
e = primary somatosensory ctx - 145what is the afferent and efferent of the ventroposteromedial nucleusa = sense from head
e = primary somatosensory area - 146what is the afferent and efferent of the ventral lateral nucleusa = cerebellum
e = primary motor area - 147what is the afferent and efferent of the ventral anterior nucleusa = basal ganglia
e = premotor ctx - 148what is the afferent and efferent of the lateral dorsal nucleusa = hippocampal formation, pretectal area and sup colliculus
e = cingulate gyrus, visual association area - 149what is the afferent and efferent of the lateral posterior nucleusa = superior colliculus
e = parietal, temp and occipital ctx - 150what is the afferent and efferent of the pulvinara = pretectal area, retina, nd visual ctx
e = pareital, frontal, cingualet gyrus, amygdala - 151what is the afferent and efferent of the mediodorsal nucleusa = amygdala and hypothlamus
e = prefrontal ctx - 152what is the afferent and efferent of the anterior nucleusa = mamillary body
e = cingulate gyrus - 153what is the visual ctx thought to provide movemnt forvisual stimuli, tracking
- 154what is the frontal eye fields thought to be responisble formovement of command, jumpy movements
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- Anatomy Flashcards on neuroanatomy 2, created by Tara McLaughlin on 10/02/2018.
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- Tara McLaughlin
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