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Description
Flashcards by Catherine Gannon, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Catherine Gannon
about 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Name three features of arteries | -Walls are strong and elastic -Thick walls -Contain layers of muscle |
| Name three features of capillaries | -Permeable walls for diffusion -Walls only one cell thick -Carry blood close to the cell |
| Name three features of veins | -Vein walls less thick than artery's -Bigger lumen to help blood flow -Contain valves to keep blood flowing in the right direction |
| What shape are red blood cells? | Biconcave (Like a doughnut!) |
| Why do red blood cells have a specific shape? | So that it has a larger surface area for carrying oxygen! Those particles are pretty big... |
| What do platelets do? | Help blood clot |
| What is does plasma do? | Carries everything in the blood (nutrients) |
| What is the name for an INFECTIOUS disease? | Communicable disease (you can COMMUNICATE ya sick with other people) |
| Put BACTERIA, PROTISTS, FUNGI and VIRUSES in size order | Fungi, Bacteria, Viruses, Protists |
| What kind of organisms are Protists? | Single-celled Eukaryotes (Remember: You-Carry-Oats) |
| Give me a disease caused by a fungus | Rose Black Spot! It causes the leaves to go YELLOW and fall off. (Bumblebee disease, spots are black, leaves are yellow) |
| Name the three MAIN Viral diseases (That you HAVE to know, like, it's mandatory) | Measles, HIV and TMV (tobacco mosaic virus) Remember: HIV, TMV, Measles, si? |
| Name a disease caused a protist | Malaria (Remeber, the microorganism has to be very small to fit inside a mosquito...) |
| Name FOUR ways to prevent the spread of disease | -Be hygienic -Destroying vectors (carriers) -Isolate Infected Individuals -Vaccination |
| Describe what happens in PRECLINICAL TESTING of drugs | -Drugs are tested on human cells and tissues in a lab -The drug is then tested on live animals to test for efficacy and toxicity -The law in Britain means the drug should be tested on two different live MAMMALS |
| Describe what happens in the CLINICAL TRIAL of a new dug | -Drug is tested on healthy volunteers (test for side effects) -Low dose given at the start -Drug is then tested on sick people -Put patients into two groups (one gets the drug, other gets placebo) -CLINICAL TRIALS ARE BLIND -Results of trials are peer-reviewed, then published |
| How do we extract monoclonal antibodies? | -Mouse is injected with an antigen -B-lymphocytes are main in the mouse's to fight the antigen -At the same time, tumour cells are made in a lab -B-lymphocytes are taken from the mouse and fused with the tumour cell -Creates a HYBRIDoma -This divides quickly and creates the monoclonal antibody |
| How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests? | -Part of the stick has antibodies to HCG with blue beads attached -The test strip has more antibodies to HCG stuck to it -Antibodies bind to HCG and move up the stick (carrying blue beads) -Blue beads and HCG bind to the fixed antibodies -Beads stuck to test strip, test strip goes blue |
| What is respiration? | The process of transferring energy from GLUCOSE |
| Give three examples of how organisms use the energy from respiration | -Build up larger molecules -Contracting muscles -Keep body temperature regular |
| Give the word equation for aerobic respiration | glucose + oxygen --> Carbon dioxide + water |
| Give the symbol equation for aerobic respiration | C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O (Respiration is the devil's work) |
| What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration? | glucose ----> lactic acid Simple! |
| What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast? | glucose ----> ethanol + carbon dioxide |
| Name each part of the nervous system | -CNS -Sensory Neurones -Motor Neurones -Effectors |
| List the reflex arc, from Stimulus to Response | -Stimulus -Receptor -Sensory Neurone -CNS -Motor Neurone -Effector Response SRSCMER! Catchy... |
| Name the steps taken by the body when blood glucose level is too HIGH | -Glucose levels high -Insulin secreted by pancreas -Glucose moves from blood into liver/muscle cells -Insulin makes liver turn glucose into glycogen -Blood glucose restored |
| Name the steps taken by the body when blood glucose level is too LOW | -Glucose levels low -Glucagon released by pancreas -Glucagon makes liver make glucose -Glucose released into blood by liver -Blood glucose restored |
| What does Type 1 diabetes cause? | Pancreas produces little/no insulin |
| What does Type 2 diabetes cause? | Body becomes resistant to its own insulin |
| What is the function of the kidneys? | To act as filters to clean the blood |
| Describe the process of making and removing urea | -Excess proteins are converted into fats/carbohydrates -Ammonia is a waste product from this process -Ammonia is converted to urea and excreted in urine |
| How does the body respond when water levels are too HIGH? | -Water levels too high -Brain receives information and coordinates a response -Pituitary gland reduces less ADH -Less water absorbed from kidneys -Water levels restored |
| Describe the process of dialysis | -Blood flows between partially permeable membranes -Dialysis fluid has the same concentration of glucose as healthy blood -No useful ions lost, only waste -Clean blood returned to body |
| Name three problems with kidney transplants | -Long waiting list/High demand -Risk of rejection -Risky surgery, painful recovery |
| Name the reproductive hormones made (and where they're made) in men and women | MEN: Testosterone, made in testes WOMEN: Oestrogen, made in ovaries |
| Describe the menstrual cycle | Day 1: Uterus lining breaks down Day 4: Uterus lining builds back up from day 4-14 Day 14: An egg develops and is released from an ovary Day 28: If no fertilised egg lands on the uterus, then the cycle restarts |
| Name the four hormones involved in the menstrual cycle | -FSH -Oestrogen -LH -Progesterone |
| What is the role of FSH? | -Produces in pituitary gland (Fish swim in the Pit) -Causes an egg to mature (Mature Fish Eggs) -Stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen |
| What is the role of Oestrogen | -Produced in ovaries -Causes uterus lining to grow (Growstrogen) -Inhibits LH and FSH |
| What is the basic idea of genetic engineering? | Transfering a gene with desirable characteristics from one organism to another |
| Four examples of genetic engineering? | -GM crops -Sheep producing medicinal milk -GM treatments for inherited disease -Insulin-producing bacteria |
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