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Flashcards

population change

niamh bergin Geography - human English 83 cards

Cards in this deck (83)

  1. 1what are the two main components of population change ?natural change and migration change
  2. 2Natural change refers to what ?the change in population brought about by the difference between crude birth rate and crude death rate
  3. 3if birth rate exceeds the death rate, the population size will grow this is called what?a natural increase
  4. 4what is natural decrease ?if the number of deaths exceeds the number of births
  5. 5what does migration change refer to ?migration of people into or out of an area or country will also cause the population size to change
  6. 6define immigranta person moving into an area or country to which they are not native in order to settle there
  7. 7define emigranta person leaving their native area or country in order to settle elsewhere
  8. 8define net migration changethe difference between the total no. or average rate of immigrants emigrants in an area or country over a given period of time
  9. 9more immigrants than emigrants will give what ?positive net migration
  10. 10what is the crude birth ratethe total no. of live births per 1000 of a population per year
  11. 11what is the crude death ratethe average number of deaths per 1000 of a population per year
  12. 12what does reproductive age refer to ?the age at which women can give birth - in official demographic data it is usually considered between 15 - 44
  13. 13define demographydemography is the study of human population a demographer is someone who studies the statistics and characteristics of populations
  14. 14which two countries are said to be in natural decrease ?japan and russia
  15. 15japan now has a smaller decrease why ?as a result of pro-natal policies
  16. 16from the natural change, demographers can calculate the growth rate of a population - how ?by multiplying by 100 to get a percentage
  17. 17there is an apparent correlation between birth rates and fertility rates as they are both what ?measures of the reproductive potential within a population
  18. 18birth rate is a measure of the total no. of births as a proportion of the total population - but what is total fertility rate ?a more accurate measure of future population change as it is the average no. of children that each women of a reproductive childbearing age will give birth to
  19. 19the fertility rate can be used as an indicator of what ?future population growth
  20. 20a fertility rate of 2 would be what ?that every woman gives birth to on average one girl - meaning the current generation of women would replace itself with a younger generation of girls
  21. 21define net replacement ratethe no. of children each women needs to have to maintain current population levels or give 0 population growth by generation
  22. 22the replacement rate for populations with a high mortality is what ?considerably higher than 2
  23. 23what is total fertility ratethe average no. of children born per women in an area or country if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years
  24. 24what is infant morality rate ?the number of children who die before their first birthday per 1000 live births per year
  25. 25INFANT MORTALITY RATES: the measure is important as : it is age specific as it relates to one particular group - which is ?is vulnerable but arguably is the group that society should be taking the most care of
  26. 26INFANT MORTALITY RATES: the measure is important as : it gives an indication of the level of healthcare available in the population - particularly what ?particularly maternity and post-natal care as well as the prevalence of ability to combat diseases
  27. 27INFANT MORTALITY RATES: the measure is important as : it gives an indication of what ?the wealth of the country
  28. 28INFANT MORTALITY RATES: the measure is important as : it will have an impact on what ?on fertility rates
  29. 29CULTURAL CONTROLS : decisions about family size are influenced by socio-economic and sometimes by political factors which in turn will have long-term effects - give an examplelarger families were once the norm in the UK but as society has become more affluent, parents tend to have fewer children partly to give special attention to those children, as having more children is regarded as the expensive option
  30. 30CULTURAL CONTROLS : china's infamous one child policy has arguably dictated what ?that Chinese culture accepts one child as being the norm
  31. 31CULTURAL CONTROLS : RELIGION: the doctrine of certain faiths, such as catholicism and islam forbid what ?the use of artificial contraception and abortion as methods of population control
  32. 32CULTURAL CONTROLS : RELIGION: most countries (exception = Philippines) most countries where catholicism is the main faith demonstrate what ?low fertility and only very slow population growth
  33. 33CULTURAL CONTROLS : RELIGION: other 'western' cultural values such as, equal opportunities for women or materialism do what ?override religious doctrine
  34. 34CULTURAL CONTROLS : GENDER: gender preference: for cultural and socio-economic reasons some societies have distinct preference for male children - this is particularly true where ?in rural areas of developing countries where the male will be expected to farm the family land and look after his parents in their old age
  35. 35CULTURAL CONTROLS : GENDER: gender preference: what is an obvious consequence of gender preference ?higher fertility rates and larger families as parents will continue to have children until they have one or two boys
  36. 36CULTURAL CONTROLS : GENDER: status of women: women are still discriminated against in many cultures often not receiving education and when married are expected to leave their own family and look after their in-laws - what has equal opportunities done for females ?afforded females in a society in terms of education and careers will inevitably influence the no. of children each mother will have in their life time
  37. 37CULTURAL CONTROLS : MARRIAGE TRADITIONS: child marriage: according to UNICEF more than 60% of women in 5 countries of sub-saharan Africa and Bangladesh were what ?married before they reached 18
  38. 38CULTURAL CONTROLS : MARRIAGE TRADITIONS: child marriage: most african countries have legal minimum marriageable ages of what ?between 16 and 18 but in certain countries the minimum age is 15 - on a local scale courts can give permission for girls to marry at 12
  39. 39CULTURAL CONTROLS : MARRIAGE TRADITIONS: polygamy: polygamy - mainly polygny where a man takes more than one wife, is relatively common in some cultures - especially common where ?especially across much of Africa and several Middle Eastern countries
  40. 40CULTURAL CONTROLS : MARRIAGE TRADITIONS: polygamy: although polygamy is often associated with the what ?islamic faith it seems to have more correlation with tradition and culture than religion
  41. 41CULTURAL CONTROLS : MARRIAGE TRADITIONS: polygamy: in polygynous societies having more than one wife is seen as what ?a status symbol of power and wealth
  42. 42CULTURAL CONTROLS : POPULATION POLICIES: even in countries with less coercive population policies than china, government-led media campaigns and other strategies advocating population control will influence culture - give an exampleIndia's 'one family, two children' slogan has seen success in many Indian states where fertility rates have fallen significantly
  43. 43MODELS OF NATURAL POP CHANGE: DTM: the demographic transition model was developed by American demographer Thompson in 1929 and was based on what ?recorded changes in birth rates and death rates in industrialised countries since the start of the industrial revolution
  44. 44MODELS OF NATURAL POP CHANGE: DTM: the dtm traces change from high birth rates to high death rates to low birth rates and low death rates as what ?a country develops from pre-industrial economy to an industrialised economic system
  45. 45MODELS OF NATURAL POP CHANGE: DTM: the DTM records the rate of population growth which is at its most rapid when ?when natural increase is greatest during stage two and theearly part of stage 3
  46. 46MODELS OF NATURAL POP CHANGE: DTM: STAGE ONE: stage one is also known as what ?high stationary and high fluctuating
  47. 47MODELS OF NATURAL POP CHANGE: DTM: STAGE ONE: The birth rate is what in stage one ? the death rate is what in stage one ?high
    high
  48. 48MODELS OF NATURAL POP CHANGE: DTM: STAGE ONE: natural increase is said to be what in this stage ?stable and fluctuating
  49. 49MODELS OF NATURAL POP CHANGE: DTM: STAGE ONE: what are the reasons for the change in birth rate and what are the reasons for the change in death rate ?BR = many children needed to work on land, many children die at early age, religious and social reasons + no family planning.
    DR = disease, famine, poor medical knowledge so many children die
  50. 50MODELS OF NATURAL POP CHANGE: DTM: STAGE ONE: what is an example of stage one ?a few remote groups / tribes
  51. 51MODELS OF NATURAL POP CHANGE: DTM: STAGE TWO: stage two is also known as ??early expanding
  52. 52MODELS OF NATURAL POP CHANGE: DTM: STAGE TWO: what is the BR like ? what is the DR like ?br = remains high
    dr = falls rapidly
  53. 53MODELS OF NATURAL POP CHANGE: DTM: STAGE TWO: what is natural increase like ?very rapid increase
  54. 54MODELS OF NATURAL POP CHANGE: DTM: STAGE TWO: what are the reasons for the br remaining high?same as stage one; children needed to work on land, many children die at early age, religious and social reasons and no fam planning
  55. 55MODELS OF NATURAL POP CHANGE: DTM: STAGE TWO: what are the reasons for the rapid fall in death rate ?improvements in food and clean water supply, sanitation and hygiene, medical care advances, more vaccines and fewer children die
  56. 56MODELS OF NATURAL POP CHANGE: DTM: STAGE TWO: what is an example of stage two ?Niger, Mali and Gambia
  57. 57MODELS OF NATURAL POP CHANGE: DTM: STAGE THREE: stage three is also known as ?late expanding
  58. 58MODELS OF NATURAL POP CHANGE: DTM: STAGE THREE: give an example of stage 3brazil, india and mexico
  59. 59MODELS OF NATURAL POP CHANGE: DTM: STAGE THREE: what does the br do in stage 3 ? why?starts to fall as conditions change so fewer children are needed, lower infant mortality rate and more contraception
  60. 60MODELS OF NATURAL POP CHANGE: DTM: STAGE THREE: what does the dr do in stage 3 ? why ?falls more slowly as there are improvements in food and clean water supply, sanitation and hygiene, medical care advances / new vaccines and fewer children die
  61. 61MODELS OF NATURAL POP CHANGE: DTM: STAGE THREE: what happens to natural increase in stage 3 ?increase slows down
  62. 62MODELS OF NATURAL POP CHANGE: DTM: STAGE FOUR: stage four is also known as ?low stationary low fluctuating
  63. 63MODELS OF NATURAL POP CHANGE: DTM: STAGE FOUR: what countries are said to be in stage 4 ?UK, Canada and USA
  64. 64MODELS OF NATURAL POP CHANGE: DTM: STAGE FOUR: what happens to the BR and why ?low and steadies as there is more family planning , improved status of women with careers
  65. 65MODELS OF NATURAL POP CHANGE: DTM: STAGE FOUR: what happens to the DR and why ?starts to level out as there is good healthcare established and a reliable food supply
  66. 66MODELS OF NATURAL POP CHANGE: DTM: STAGE FOUR: what is natural increase like in stage 4 ?slow increase with some fluctuations
  67. 67MODELS OF NATURAL POP CHANGE: DTM: STAGE FIVE: stage 5 is also known as ?decline
  68. 68MODELS OF NATURAL POP CHANGE: DTM: STAGE FIVE: what countries are said to be in stage 5 ?germany, japan and russia
  69. 69MODELS OF NATURAL POP CHANGE: DTM: STAGE FIVE: what happens to the BR and why ?falls below the death rate as there are more elderly populations with smaller proportion in reproductive ages
  70. 70MODELS OF NATURAL POP CHANGE: DTM: STAGE FIVE: what happens the the DR and why ?remains low and may increase because there is a more elderly population with a higher proportion of people reaching life expectancy
  71. 71BRITAINS DTM: the experience of demographic change in the UK as one of the pioneering industrial nations fits the model how ?extremely well
  72. 72BRITAINS DTM: STAGE ONE: (prior 1801) prior to agricultural and industrial revolutions in Britain, BR was high and families were large - these were cancelled out by what ? infant mortality was particularly high which did what to pop size ??fluctuating death rates resulting from periodic famines and disease epidemics, infant mortality was particularly high so pop size remains stable
  73. 73BRITAINS DTM: STAGE TWO: (1750-1880) a fall in death rates in this stage was caused by what ?- improved food supply - from new agricultural methods from new world
    - improved sanitation and hygiene - developing underground sewers
    - impact of disease reduced - medical advances
  74. 74BRITAINS DTM: STAGE TWO: (1750-1880) the birth rate remained high - why ?- lack of contraceptive methods
    - infant and child mortality persisted
    - children still seen as an asset as workers and to care for parents in old age
  75. 75BRITAINS DTM: STAGE 3 : (1880-1940): continued fall in DR as a result of what ?- medical advances - 1907 training for midwives + 1929 discovery of penicillin
    - rise in living standards - better nutrition, industrialisation and urbanisation and better wages
  76. 76BRITAINS DTM: STAGE 3 : (1880-1940): fall in birth rates due to what ?- employment and education legislation - children no longer allowed to work - had to attend school
    - economic and social changes - more women in workforce, higher incomes, rising middle class
    - growth of new ideas - challenges to accepted beliefs e.g. darwinism
  77. 77BRITAINS DTM: STAGE 4: (1940-present) death rates start to level out at a low level thanks to what ?- national health service 1964 - keeps death rates low, reduces infant and child mortality
  78. 78BRITAINS DTM: STAGE 4: (1940-present) birth rates continue to fall to similar low level aided by what ?- increased availability of contraception - 1961 brith control pill
    - equal opportunities -women status in society means more focus on career and fewer children
    - social change - smaller families become the norm, reduced mortality, dependants seen as an additional expense
  79. 79EVAL OF DTM: STRENGTHS: the model can be easily and universally applied - what are the other strengths ??- used to compare stages of demographic development
    - used by demographers to make predictions about the future
  80. 80EVAL OF DTM: WEAKNESSES: the model does not account for what ?- migration and its impact on BR
    - government policy which may influence BR
    - wars/other conflicts which will impact DR
    - the impact of major disease pandemics on DR
    - environmental limitations placed on future economic developments
  81. 81how do contrasting physical environments affect natural population change ? - explain nigerin Niger the physical environment is mainly arid and subtropical desert climate which means it has predominantly desert plains + have recurring drought events and thus reliable food production is difficult so puts them in stage 2
  82. 82how do contrasting physical environments affect natural population change ? - explain canadacanada has a wide range of climatic types and is extremely rich in mineral resources, the economy is mainly based on the tertiary sector (finance etc) but has thriving mining and oil industries canada encourages some controlled immigration as they can cope with increased population to keep a balanced pop structure and avoid becoming an ageing pop
  83. 83why are lower than expected DR seen at earlier stages in demographic transition than model suggests ?as in places like niger the death rates are much lower than expected due to their young pop structure and the fact that the government as made great strides to reduce child mortality by reducing hunger and nutrition and improving healthcare - they have been supported by NGOs

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Geography - human (population and the environment) Flashcards on population change , created by niamh bergin on 10/04/2018.
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