Flashcards
The Respiratory System
Cards in this deck (49)
- 1What do the ribs articulate to posteriorly & anteriorly.The ribs articulate (connect/join) to the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly & true ribs articulate to the sternum anteriorly.
- 2Label the following: - the head & its articular facets - neck - tubercle & AF - angle -shaft - subcostal groove
- 3Define articular facets.A flattened region, which allows articulation with an another bone.
- 4What is in the subcostal groove?It has neurovascular bundles running, so that they are protected by the over-hanging bone in the subcostal groove.
- 5Label the following: - Body - inferior + superior demifacets - transverse process with AF - spinous process
- 6What is a demi-facet?It is the half of an articular facet.
- 7How is the one vertebrae articulate with the one rib? What are the joints called?- The head of the rib sits between the 2 successful vertebrae.
- They articulate by joining the body's demifacets to the head's articular facets. This is known as the COSTAVERTEBRAL JOINT.
- Also, the transverse process's articular facet joins to the tubercle's articular facet. This is known as the COSTOTRANSVERSE JOINT. - 8Describe the spinous process.It is long & angled, typical in the 'T' region of the thoracic vertebrae.
- 9What type of joints are there between the ribs & the thoracic vertebrae & why is it essential?Synovial joint, as it allows movement to take place.
- 10Where else synovial joints found in the ribcage?They are also used to join the rib to the sternum (STERNOCOSTAL JOINT), allowing ribcage movement for ventilation. (EXCEPT = the 1 rib to reduce movement)
- 11What is the movement of the ribcage described as?'PUMP HANDLE' = the sternum moves up & down, allowing an enlargement of the thoracic cavity.
'BUCKET HANDLE' = the ribs move laterally through this movement, allowing breathing to take place. - 12Label the following attachments & structures of the diaphragm: - costal margin -xiphisternum - vertebrae - right & left crus - central tendon - 3 openings - arcuate ligaments
- 13What does the costal margin attach to?It is the inferior border of the ribcage. Anteriorly, it attaches to the xiphoid process & posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae.
It is the border of the diaphragm. - 14What does the abdominal oesophagus pass through?It passes through a MUSCULAR LOOP from the right crus rather than the central tendon (which it is for the other 2 ostia).
This is one of the mechanims to prevent reflux of food from the stomach. - 15How is the phrenic nerve placed in the body?It goes over the pericardium through the diaphragm. If it is damaged, that side of the diaphragm loses it function - increases the thoracic volume during contraction.
- 16Where does the aortic hiatus pass from?It passes from behind the diaphragm rather than the central tendon (which has the openings).
- 17Label the upper respiratory tract: - nasal/oral cavities - cervical vertebrae & dsics - pharynx * nasopharynx * oropharynx * laryngopharynx
- 18What structures are part of the larynx?- epiglottis
- thyroid cartilage
- cricoid cartilage
- thyroid gland - 19What is the pharynx?It is a muscular tube that opens at the the front, connecting the nasal + oral cavities with the oesophagus.
- 20What is the role of the nasal septum?It separates the nostrils. It is richly supplied by the blood + nerve endings.
Snorting cocaine removes the nasal septum, as it vasoconstricts the blood vessels. So, the septum is oxygen deficient & its cells die. - 21Label the following of the nasal cavity: - ethmoid sinus - conchae + meatus - sphenoid sinus - frontal sinus - septum cut
- 22What is the role of Paranasal Sinus?- Make the head, less heavy due to the 'spaces'
- vocalisation much more resonant (deep) - 23Where are the conchae (turbinate bones) placed & what is their role?They are placed laterally to the nasal septum.
Their role is warm + moisten the air, increase the surface area over which the air passes through. They are also known as the turbinate bones. - 24What is the 'Waldeyer's ring'?It is the ring of lymphoid tissue & provides the body defence against air-born infections.
The 3 tonsils form a protective ring around the nase + oral cavity. - 25Label the 3 tonsils involved in the 'Waldeyer's Ring' & the pharynx.
- 26Where is the lingual tonsil placed?At the base of the tongue
- 27What is the role of the larynx?It enables vocalisation to take place.
- 28Label the following: - Hard plate - Soft plate - Uvula - Tongue
- 29Label the following parts of the larynx: - epiglottis - trachea - oesophagus - thyroid cartilage
- 30What is the role of the epiglottis?To protect the ostia of the airway. It covers the trachea, when eating as food goes down the oesophagus.
- 31What is special about the cricoid cartilage?The only ring of the trachea forming a full circle.
- 32Label the following (bird's eye view of the larynx): - root of the tongue - epiglottis - false vocal cords - ventricw - true local cords (vocal cords) - trachea - oesophagus
- 33Label the larynx: - hyoid bone - thyrohyoid cartilage - thyroid cartilage - laryngeal prominence - cricothyroid membrane - cricoid cartilage - trachea - bronchus - carina - lobar bronchi - segmental bronchi
- 34What is carina?The cartilage that exists at bifurication. This occurs at T4.
- 35Define the pleura membranes & where they are?The lungs have 2 pleura - visceral + parietal.
The visceral pleural envelops the lung.
The parietal pleura lines the inner chest wall. - 36What does the pleural fluid act as?A lubricant between the two memrbanes, allowing the lungs to expand.
- 37What does hilum mean?The root of the lung.
- 38Label the hilum of the LEFT lung. (6 things)
- 39What is the role of a pulmonary ligament?It allows the hilum of the lung to move up + down, during ventilation.
- 40What is the lingula?A 'tongue' like structure, acts like the 3rd lobe, not large as the right lobe due to the heart placement.
- 41What is an oblique fissure?It separates oblique fissure.
- 42Label the following: - fissures - lobes - cardiac notch - lingula - recesses (2)
- 43What is the cardiac notch?The area where the heart sits.
- 44What are the recesses?These are the spaces in the thoracic cavity, allowing the lungs to be enlarged for ventilation.
- 45What is the mediastinum?It occupies the space between the two pleura sacs.
It is divided into 2 parts: superior & inferior - 46What are contents of the mediastinum?SUPERIOR (T1-T4) = arch of the aorta + branches SVC, trachea, oesophagus
INFERIOR = anterior+middle+posterior
middle: heart in pericardium, bifurication of trachea, ascending aorta, SVC, pulmonary trunk
posterior: descending aorta, oesophagus
- 47What is the auditory (pharyngotympanic / Eustachian) tube found & its role?- Connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx.
- Its role is to equalize air pressure in tympanic cavity & nasopharynx. - 48Label the auditory tube.
- 49Define mediastinum.the central region of the thoracic cavity, located between the two laterally (sideways) placed pleural cavities.
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- Anatomy Flashcards on The Respiratory System, created by Krupali Parikh on 14/04/2018.
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- Krupali Parikh
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