Flashcards
immune system
Cards in this deck (57)
- 1what are the factors of innate immunity-barrier defences
-internal defences - 2what is adaptive immunityknown as acquired immunity
-relies on a vast number of receptors
immune response that is enhanced by previous exposure - 3what are the barrier defencesskin and mucous membranes lining the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts
- 4what cells in the airway sweep away mucasciliated epithelial cells
- 5what factors of the mucus, tears and saliva makes these substances dangerous to the bacteriacontain lysozyme
-destroy the cell walls of the bacteria - 6what happens to the bacteria that are able to break through the physical defences of the bodyengulfed by phagocytes
- 7how do the phagocytes know to engulf these cellseach mammalian toll like receptor (TLR) binds to the fragments of molecules normally absent from the body but characteristic to a set of pathogens
- 8what is the basis of innate immunityrecognition of traits that are shared by a broad range of pathogens
- 9what are phagocytesinnate immune cells that are devoted to the detection, devouring and disruption of pathogens
- 10what are the two main types of phagocyte cells in the body (innate)neutrophils and macrophages
- 11how do neutrophils actcirculate in the blood
attracted to the signals from infected tissues and then engulf the infecting pathogen - 12what is the action of macrophage cellsbig eaters
some migrate round the body
other remain in organs and tissues where they are likely to to encounter pathogens
e.g. located in the spleen where pathogens often get stuck in the blood - 13what are natural killer cellsinnate
circulate though the body
detect abnormal array of surface proteins characteristic of some virus infected cells and cancerous cells - 14how do the natural killer cells react to bodily intrudersrelease chemicals that lead to the cell death
-inhibit the further spread of the disease or cancer - 15what system in the body is often involved with the innate defencelymphatic system
-distribute the lymph fluid round the body
microphages reside in the lymph nodes - 16where Ould you find a dendritic celloutside the lymph system
interact with the other organs
-stimulate adaptive immunity - 17what are interferonsproteins that provide the innate defence by interfering with the viral infections
virus infected cells secrete interferons
these tell surrounding cells to inhibit viral replication - 18what to interferons limitcell to cell spread of viruses
-viral colds and flus - 19what other cell can secrete interferonswhite blood cells
-activating microphages
-promoting phagocytosis - 20what form of immune response is inflammationinnate
- 21where is histamine stored and what does it activatedensely packed mast cells- connective tissue
released at sights of damage- this triggers the dilation and increased permeability of nearby blood vessels - 22what is the effect of the dilated permeable blood vesselsdilated capillaries leak fluid that is released and causes localised swelling
- 23what cells are immune cells involved with the swelling responsemicrophages and neutrophils
these cells release cytokines - 24what is the function of cytokinessignalling molecules modulate the immune responses
promote blood flow to the site injury or infection - 25what is pusfluid rich in white blood cells, dead pathogens, and debris from cells
- 26how do some cells evade the innate immunity recognition of pathogensouter capsule that surrounds the bacteria
interferes with the molecular recognition of the cells and therefore phagocytosis - 27how might bacteria hide form the bodies immune response give and example of what infection does this-engulfed by themicrophage cell
-not broken down by lysosome
-grown and reproduce inside the cell
hidden from the immune system
TB mycobacterium tuberculosis - 28what cell types does adaptive immunity rely onwhite blood cells called LYMPHOCYTES
white blood cells originate in the stem cells in the bone marrow - 29what are the types of lymphocytesT cells and B cells
- 30what is the meaning of systemicthroughout the body
- 31aside from the bone marrow where might the lymphocytes be storedthe thymus
-in the thoracic cavity above the heart - 32what type of cells do those that mature the thymus becomeT cells
- 33what type of cells do the cells that mature in the bone marrow becomeB cells
- 34if lymphocytes mature in the blood what type of cell do they becomeNatural killer cells that are involved in the innate response
- 35what is the name of the substance that elicits a response form the T or B cellsAntigen
- 36how to the b and T cells recognise infectionbinding with the antigen receptors
millions of different types of these cells that are triggered by different antigens - 37what is the small portion of the antigen that binds with the receptorepitope
this could see a group of amino acids that makes a protein - 38what is the difference between the B and T cellsB cells bind to the epitopes of intact antigens that protrude from the pathogens or circulating free in the body fluid
T cells bind to the fragments of the antigens presented on the surface of host cells - 39what is the antigen fragment that is displayed on the surface of the host cellmajor histocompatibility complex
MHC - 40what happens after the B or T cells bindundergo rapid cell division
- 41what are the 2 cell types formed when an antigen is attacked by a lymphocyteeffector cell
memory cell - 42what are the properties of an effector cellshort lived
-take immediate response against the antigen to the pathogen protruding it) - 43what is the properties of a memory celllong lived
Gove rise to effector cells if the same antigen is encounter later in life
memory cells for different antigens can last from weeks to decades - 44what is the lymphatic system-fluid builds up in tide through the leakage from the blood circulatory system
this fluid is drain back to the heart through the lymphatic system - 45what are the lymph nodeslocated around the body round the body and are sites of high B and T cell concentrations
-triggered by antigens in the lymph fluid - 46what are cytotoxic T cellsuse toxic mediated chemicals to kill cells that are infected by a virus
these are activated by helper T cells - 47what are helper T cells-neutralose the pathogens
activate T cells that will kill the infected cells - 48why doesn't a person have lymphocytes that react with the protein that is on the surface of their bloodthis is removed or deactivated during development
- 49describe the process of immunisationantigens introduced into the body to generate an immune response and memory cell formation
the antigens are deactivated by bacterial toxins or killed/weakened pathogens or genes that encode for microbial proteins - 50what are allergiesexaggerated response to antigens
- 51how do conditions such as the flu or HIV spread so rapidly-counter-adaptation of the pathogens is very high mutation rates
his targets immune cells
-reduction in the effectiveness of the immune system until the immune system shuts dow - 52what is the definition of natural passive immunityantibodies that are transferred from the mother to the offspring via the placenta or through the break milk
- 53what is the definition of artificial passive immunity-for snake and other toxic animal bites serum is collected from horse or cheep that have been exposed to that snake venom
-injection of this serum immediately after the snake bite can neutralise toxins in the venom
-this is only use for the deadly toxins as the side effects of this treatment can be nasty and dangerous - 54what is the chironex flickerinamed the sea wasp this jelly sigh has enough toxic venom to kill 60 humans
-they are transparent and very hard to see from distance - 55what is the Brasilia lonomiacaterpillar small cryptic on trees
very potent venom that can cause massive internal bleeding - 56name the jelly fish that has enough toxin to kill 60 peoplechironex flickeri
- 57name the caterpillar that can cause massive internal bleedingBrasilia lonomia
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- bl1102 biology Flashcards on immune system, created by Samantha Bruce on 18/05/2018.
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- Samantha Bruce
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