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Description
Flashcards by Oliver Faragher, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Oliver Faragher
almost 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What features to both plant and animal cells have? | Nuclei Cell Membranes Cytoplasm Mitochondria Ribosomes |
| What additional features to plant cells have? | Vacuoles Chloroplasts The Cell Wall |
| What is the average size of cells? | 0.01mm - 0.10mm |
| What unit is used to measure cells? | Micrometres |
| What are micrometres and nanometres in milimetres? | 1 micro = 10(-3)mm 1 nano = 10(-6)mm |
| How do you calculate magnification? | Magnification of eyepiece x Magnification of objective lens |
| How do you calculate magnification of an image? | Size of the image / actual size of object |
| What is the highest possible light microscope magnification? | 1500x |
| What is resolving power? | The ability to distinguish between two points - so you can see them as two separate points |
| What is the resolution of a light microscope? | 200nm |
| What is a TEM? | TEM - Transmitting electron microscope Allows you to see cell structure at up to 1 000 000 x |
| What is an SEM? | A high detail resolution image of the external of a cell |
| What chemicals can we use to stain plant cells? | Iodine solution or Methylene blue |
| What to we mount cells on to? | A drop of water or dilute saline |
| What are the benefits / downsides of high magnification? | Can see select parts of the cell in detail Can allow you to estimate the number of a certain type Means you can't get an accurate count on the total number of cells |
| What are the two methods of showing actual size of a cell? | Scale bars Magnification numbers |
| What does prokaryotic mean and what type of cells are prokaryotic? | Without a nucleus Bacteria, Archeans |
| What do bacteria store their DNA as? | Long single molecule loops Plasmids (small rings) |
| What are eukaryota? | Cells with nuclei such as animal and plant cells |
| What are the seven defining attributes of an animal or plant? (difficult) | Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
| What are the three domains and who came up with them? | Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryota Carl Woese |
| How is a sperm cell adapted to its function? | Head containing half of the chromosomes Flagellum for propulsion Many mitochondria for energy Acrosome containing enzymes for penetration |
| What is the progression of stages leading up to an organ system? | Cell -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ system |
| How many chromosomes does a NORMAL human have? | 46 (23 pairs) |
| What causes mitosis? | Damage (Repair) Growth |
| What happens in what order for mitosis? | Rest -> Chromosomes multiply -> Chromosomes form pairs -> Chromosomes lined up in the centre -> Chromosomes pulled apart by spindle fibres -> Cell divides -> Rest |
| What is the name of the cells formed? | Daughter Cells |
| What are the three main stages of the cell cycle? | Cell growth (number of sub-cellular structures increase) Mitosis (above) Temporary rest period |
| What is cancer? | A rapid overgrowth of cells known as a tumor |
| What are the features of a benign tumour? | Slow growing Encapsulated Not cancerous/don't spread They can press on organs |
| What are the key features of a malignant tumour? | Fast growing Can spread to other tissues Cancer cells can detach and form secondary tumours |
| What causes cancer? | Carcinogens leading to mutation (lifestyle choices, chemicals, radiation [ionising + UV], viruses) |
| What are stem cells? | Unspecialised cells that can turn into most types of cell |
| Where are stem cells found? | Blood, muscle, bone and embryos |
| What can stem cells help with? | injures (spinals etc), degenerate diseases, cancers (recovery from chemotherapy) |
| What is the main argument against stem cell research? | Embryos have life the second they are conceived - so they shouldn't be used purely for research |
| What is one of the main issues with stem cell therapy (medically) | You have to find the closest match to the person otherwise the immune system may reject the cells |
| How does therapeutic cloning work? | 1) A nucleus is removed from a human egg cell 2) A nucleus is removed from the cell of the patient 3) Patient's nucleus is implanted into cell and embryonic stem cells matching the patient develop 4) Stem cells are used to treat the patient and the embryo is discarded |
| What are the main scientific questions surrounding the problem? | How successful will the therapy be? How safe is the therapy? (Cultures stem cells begin to show similarities to cancerous cell if left for 60+ divisions) |
| What are the two main ethical questions? | Is it morally right to create an embryo with the intent of destruction? Could embryos simply become recourses for researchers? |
| What are viruses made up of? | Nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes an outer envelope |
| What is a fertilized egg cell known as? | A zygote |
| When does mitosis occur? | - When a cell reaches a certain size - Replenishment after death/damage - When single-cellular eukaryotes reproduce asexually - When cancer cells divide - When eukaryotes are cloned |
| What can't embryonic stem cells develop into? | Placenta cells |
| What happens to differentiation when a cell mutates and becomes cancerous? | Differentiation is less frequent in early stages and very limited in advanced stages |
| What do organisms need energy for? | - Construction of large molecules - Powering of chemical reactions - Movement - Warmth (homeostasis) - Cell division - Active transport - Transmission of nerve impulses |
| What is aerobic respiration? (formula + definition) | The continuously occurring process by which organisms produce energy using oxygen and glucose |
| Describe how aerobic respiration provides energy (Advanced / not required) | Via a chemical reaction the mitochondria add on a glucose molecule to ADP (adenecine di-phosphate) to form ATP (adenecine tri-phosphate). This is then transferred to where is it required and a high energy bond is broken down releasing the energy needed? |
| What is the term for respiration without oxygen? | Anaerobic respiration (fermentation) |
| What is the equation for fermentation? | Glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide |
| What causes cramp? | Build up of lactic acid via anaerobic respiration |
| What is oxygen debt? | The amount of oxygen required to remove the build up of lactic acid |
| What are bacteria grown in? | Culture / culture medium |
| What is the culture medium? | A liquid - often nutrient broth or agar |
| How do you prevent contamination and what is the procedure known as? | Pass through flame while covered by ethanol (flame should be kept close at all times) Aseptic technique |
| What is the process of bacteria division? | Binary Fission |
| A colony contains: A) Thousands of bacteria B) Millions of bacteria C) Billions of bacteria | B |
| What are the three main phases of colony development? | 1) Exponential growth (reproduction outweighs death rate) 2) Stationary phase (reproduction/death rate are equal) 3) Death phase (toxins outweigh reproduction) |
| How do you test the effectiveness of antibacterial substances? | 1) Soak paper disks in the substance 2) Place on a culture of bacteria 3) Leave w/ a control and measure the zone of inhibition |
| What are the two main differences between bacteria grown in schools vs labs? | Mueller-hinton agar would be used in labs (containing blood + milk and beef protein) It would be incubated at 37 degrees - schools are only allowed to go up to 25 |
| What is the maximum number of discs per plate? | 12 |
| What is the main anti-biotic resistant bacteria? | Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) |
| What is the name of the test (two prior) | Disc-diffusion test |
| Before beginning an experiment - what must you carry out? | A risk assesment |
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