Flashcards
B1 AQA (9-1) GCSE Revision
Cards in this deck (64)
- 1What features to both plant and animal cells have?Nuclei
Cell Membranes
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Ribosomes - 2What additional features to plant cells have?Vacuoles
Chloroplasts
The Cell Wall - 3What is the average size of cells?0.01mm - 0.10mm
- 4What unit is used to measure cells?Micrometres
- 5What are micrometres and nanometres in milimetres?1 micro = 10(-3)mm
1 nano = 10(-6)mm - 6How do you calculate magnification?Magnification of eyepiece
x
Magnification of objective lens - 7How do you calculate magnification of an image?Size of the image / actual size of object
- 8What is the highest possible light microscope magnification?1500x
- 9What is resolving power?The ability to distinguish between two points - so you can see them as two separate points
- 10What is the resolution of a light microscope?200nm
- 11What is a TEM?TEM - Transmitting electron microscope
Allows you to see cell structure at up to
1 000 000 x - 12What is an SEM?A high detail resolution image of the external of a cell
- 13What chemicals can we use to stain plant cells?Iodine solution or Methylene blue
- 14What to we mount cells on to?A drop of water or dilute saline
- 15What are the benefits / downsides of high magnification?Can see select parts of the cell in detail
Can allow you to estimate the number of a certain type
Means you can't get an accurate count on the total number of cells - 16What are the two methods of showing actual size of a cell?Scale bars
Magnification numbers - 17What does prokaryotic mean and what type of cells are prokaryotic?Without a nucleus
Bacteria, Archeans - 18What do bacteria store their DNA as?Long single molecule loops
Plasmids (small rings) - 19What are eukaryota?Cells with nuclei such as animal and plant cells
- 20What are the seven defining attributes of an animal or plant? (difficult)Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species - 21What are the three domains and who came up with them?Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryota
Carl Woese - 22How is a sperm cell adapted to its function?Head containing half of the chromosomes
Flagellum for propulsion
Many mitochondria for energy
Acrosome containing enzymes for penetration - 23What is the progression of stages leading up to an organ system?Cell -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ system
- 24How many chromosomes does a NORMAL human have?46 (23 pairs)
- 25What causes mitosis?Damage (Repair)
Growth - 26What happens in what order for mitosis?Rest -> Chromosomes multiply -> Chromosomes form pairs -> Chromosomes lined up in the centre -> Chromosomes pulled apart by spindle fibres -> Cell divides -> Rest
- 27What is the name of the cells formed?Daughter Cells
- 28What are the three main stages of the cell cycle?Cell growth (number of sub-cellular structures increase)
Mitosis (above)
Temporary rest period - 29What is cancer?A rapid overgrowth of cells known as a tumor
- 30What are the features of a benign tumour?Slow growing
Encapsulated
Not cancerous/don't spread
They can press on organs - 31What are the key features of a malignant tumour?Fast growing
Can spread to other tissues
Cancer cells can detach and form secondary tumours - 32What causes cancer?Carcinogens leading to mutation
(lifestyle choices, chemicals, radiation [ionising + UV], viruses) - 33What are stem cells?Unspecialised cells that can turn into most types of cell
- 34Where are stem cells found?Blood, muscle, bone and embryos
- 35What can stem cells help with?injures (spinals etc), degenerate diseases, cancers (recovery from chemotherapy)
- 36What is the main argument against stem cell research?Embryos have life the second they are conceived - so they shouldn't be used purely for research
- 37What is one of the main issues with stem cell therapy (medically)You have to find the closest match to the person otherwise the immune system may reject the cells
- 38How does therapeutic cloning work?1) A nucleus is removed from a human egg cell
2) A nucleus is removed from the cell of the patient
3) Patient's nucleus is implanted into cell and embryonic stem cells matching the patient develop
4) Stem cells are used to treat the patient and the embryo is discarded - 39What are the main scientific questions surrounding the problem?How successful will the therapy be?
How safe is the therapy? (Cultures stem cells begin to show similarities to cancerous cell if left for 60+ divisions) - 40What are the two main ethical questions?Is it morally right to create an embryo with the intent of destruction?
Could embryos simply become recourses for researchers? - 41What are viruses made up of?Nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes an outer envelope
- 42What is a fertilized egg cell known as?A zygote
- 43When does mitosis occur?- When a cell reaches a certain size
- Replenishment after death/damage
- When single-cellular eukaryotes reproduce asexually
- When cancer cells divide
- When eukaryotes are cloned - 44What can't embryonic stem cells develop into?Placenta cells
- 45What happens to differentiation when a cell mutates and becomes cancerous?Differentiation is less frequent in early stages and very limited in advanced stages
- 46What do organisms need energy for?- Construction of large molecules
- Powering of chemical reactions
- Movement
- Warmth (homeostasis)
- Cell division
- Active transport
- Transmission of nerve impulses - 47What is aerobic respiration? (formula + definition)The continuously occurring process by which organisms produce energy using oxygen and glucose
- 48Describe how aerobic respiration provides energy (Advanced / not required)Via a chemical reaction the mitochondria add on a glucose molecule to ADP (adenecine di-phosphate) to form ATP (adenecine tri-phosphate). This is then transferred to where is it required and a high energy bond is broken down releasing the energy needed?
- 49What is the term for respiration without oxygen?Anaerobic respiration (fermentation)
- 50What is the equation for fermentation?Glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide
- 51What causes cramp?Build up of lactic acid via anaerobic respiration
- 52What is oxygen debt?The amount of oxygen required to remove the build up of lactic acid
- 53What are bacteria grown in?Culture / culture medium
- 54What is the culture medium?A liquid - often nutrient broth or agar
- 55How do you prevent contamination and what is the procedure known as?Pass through flame while covered by ethanol (flame should be kept close at all times)
Aseptic technique - 56What is the process of bacteria division?Binary Fission
- 57A colony contains: A) Thousands of bacteria B) Millions of bacteria C) Billions of bacteriaB
- 58What are the three main phases of colony development?1) Exponential growth (reproduction outweighs death rate)
2) Stationary phase (reproduction/death rate are equal)
3) Death phase (toxins outweigh reproduction) - 59How do you test the effectiveness of antibacterial substances?1) Soak paper disks in the substance
2) Place on a culture of bacteria
3) Leave w/ a control and measure the zone of inhibition - 60What are the two main differences between bacteria grown in schools vs labs?Mueller-hinton agar would be used in labs (containing blood + milk and beef protein)
It would be incubated at 37 degrees - schools are only allowed to go up to 25 - 61What is the maximum number of discs per plate?12
- 62What is the main anti-biotic resistant bacteria?Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
- 63What is the name of the test (two prior)Disc-diffusion test
- 64Before beginning an experiment - what must you carry out?A risk assesment
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- GCSE Biology GCSE (Paper 1) Flashcards on B1 AQA (9-1) GCSE Revision, created by Oliver Faragher on 22/05/2018.
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