Flashcards
Forensic Psychology OCR- Making a case - Interviewing suspects
Cards in this deck (21)
- 1What are the 3 core studies in Interviewing a suspect ?Mann; Detecting lies
Inbau; Interrogation techniques
Gudjohsonn; False confessions - 2Background study for Mann?Lie detection; There are NO reliable cues within lie detection as, anxiety is often mislead and interrupted lying or guilt. Therefore there is a lot of research within this area as chance levels are not always accurate
- 3Mann aim?To test police offers ability to distinguish the truth and lies during real police interviews with suspects.
- 4Mann method?Field experiment
- 5Mann participants?99 kent police offers , 24 females 75 males mean age 34.3
78 were detectives, 8 were trainers, 4 were traffic officers and the last 9 were uniformed response officers - 6Mann Procedure?Participants saw video clips of 14 suspects showing head and torso which were 6 to 145 seconds long and there 54 of them. Theses clips were backed up by evidence to prove and confirm wither suspect was lying or telling the truth. Police officer then filled out questionnaire on there experience in detecting lies also, after each clip they were asked if the suspect was telling the truth or not how confident they were in this and any cues they had use to detect lies.
- 7Mann findings ?*Lie accuracy mean in lies 66.2% in truths 63.6% is not significant however they are both greater than chance at 50 % thus significant.
* Interviewing was correlated truth accuracy p=0.05 and lie accuracy p= 0.07
* Most frequent measured cues was gaze, movements, vagueness ,contradictions in stories and fidgeting - 8Mann conclusion ?*Level of accuracy found exceeded those in other studies. However to establish if they were better than lay people (normal people) i.e. control group we can not do due to sensitive materials used.
*More experienced officers has a better lie detection
*Better lie detectors rely more on story cues than stereotypical views - 9Mann Evaluation?*There is no control group however this is done to help support ethics.
*High in ecological validity as, real suspects and officers are used
* A correlation is used therefore a cause and effect can not be established
*Useful as it allows us to understand that police spend to long wasting there time on gestures than looking at story cues. Can allow for more experienced officers to do the more serious interviews. Improve on police training i.e. look more at story cues rather than fidgeting etc.
*Reductionist only looks at gestures and story cues however there maybe small facial movement or biological clues. - 10Interrogation Techniques Background ?David leo 2006; identified 30 documents instances of false confession which may have arisen from aggressive and illegal interview techniques
Gudjonson 1992; suggests there are 3 types of false confession
Voluntary- Do know but saying guilty for the attention
Coerced internalized- Can not remember details so you take someone else point of view
Coerced compliant - You do know what your saying is true
Therefore rules and regulations have been put in place to avoid this via PACE *( the police and criminals evidence 1984 )
consist of :
* changes in procedure , tape recorders, easy access to solicitors , prevention of coercive methods of interrogation - 11Inbau The Reid Technique ?The Reid Technique is a developed approach by Inabau to present mass information to suspect to persuade them they have no choice but to confess he then produced a book called criminal interrogation and confession 1962 on this
Theses techniques are no allowed in uk - 12Inbau Reid Methodsteps 1-9
1) Direct conformation - told directly they are though to have committed the crime
2) The suspect is offered to shift blame away from themselves. This should allow for sympathy and understanding this is done to make it easier for them to admit the guilt.
3) Suspect is never allowed to deny guilt i.e interrupt any denial
4) suspect is given a reason why they could not have done it. Officers then ignore them and move toward confession.
5) good cop; Reinforce sincerity to ensure suspect is engaged i.e good eye contact
6) suspect will eventually become quieter and listens if suspect cries means infer guilt
7; pose the alternative question giving them 2 choices one is more socially acceptable than the other however either which way they are admitting to guilt
8; get suspect to admit to guilt in front of a witness
9; document their admission of the guilt - 13Inbau Evaluation ?*ethnocentric - As it only used it the USA therefore can not be appyled else where
*It is subjective to false confessions thus praying on the young and vulnerable therefore less ethical
* Social deterministic depending on how the suspects is responsive depends on the guilt admitted i.e how much u pressure them etc
*Mean that everyone that goes through this is guilty when they might be not guilty therefore there is a lack of free will in a person depending themselves due to the pressured environment.
*individual differences not everyone will have same response to theses steps i.e. presenting them.
*very Deterministic in not giving people a choice - 14Gudjonson background ?uggests there are 3 types of false confession
Voluntary- Do know but saying guilty for the attention
Coerced internalized- Can not remember details so you take someone else point of view
Coerced compliant - You do know what your saying is true
He devised a scale to measure this
*yield; means susceptibility to suggestive questioning
* shift; Changing answers due to interrogation pressure
this test involves a paragraph read to subject then report all they can remeber about the study. later the subject is asked a number of questions on the story some are incorrect. Then person being tested in a forceful manor that they have made a number of errors and must answer a second time. - 15Gudjonsson aim ?To document a case of false confession on a youth who at the time was distresses and susceptible to interrogative pressure
- 16Gudjonsson method?case study
- 17Gudjonsson desgin?Single subject design
- 18Gudjonsson participant ?17 year old FC (he is called )who was accused of 2 murders he was avarge intelligence , no mental illness and no abnormal personality
- 19Gudjonsson findings ?In 1987 2 elderly women were found dead in there homes there savings were missing and there was evidence of sexual assault. FC was arrested due to inconsistencies, account movements and spending more money. There was no forensic evidence to link him there. After the arrest he was not allowed access to a solicitor and was interviewed to length *14 hours with no breaks until he confessed . This was then repeated to the solicitor the next day and wrote the statement. After a year he was released due to another person confessing.
*5 officers questioned him
*FC denied he was at the scene but after repeatably being accused of lying he agreed he had been there.
*Many questions were misleading
*in psychiatric exam there was no sign of mental illness however scored 10 on suggestibility gudjonsson scale making him abnormal in this respect. His IQ was 94 which is stable - 20Gudjonsson Conclusion ?This case shows false confession ' coerced compliant' which meant he gave in to the pressure in order to escape the intolerable situation. Thus it shows that this can happen to anyone. After FC was released he under went a personality change which hardened and his self confidence improved.
- 21Gudjonsson Evaluation ?*High in ecological validity due to it being a case study and a real life situation.
*Lack genralibilty only used on a young male as, younger males may crack under pressure more than older males due to there maturate.
*Reliable test used i.e. IQ and Gudjionsson test data can easily be compared and analysed.
*The GSS gudjonsson scale test can be help to identify those that are more likely to give a false confession.
*Police training can be enhanced to look for those that are going to give false confessions so that they can prevent this.
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- Flashcards on Forensic Psychology OCR- Making a case - Interviewing suspects , created by lauratyler on 05/01/2015.
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