Flashcards
AS PE
Cards in this deck (66)
- 1Outline 4 basic requirements for participation in Physical ActivityFitness - "Ability to meet the demands of the environment without undue fatigue"
Ability - Foundation of the learning process and it heredity.
Resources - covers 3 areas: Money/People/Equipment
Time - time spent out of work - work vs leisure - 2Describe the terms Leisure and RecreationLeisure - Time away from compulsory activities including eating, sleeping and work.
Recreation - Positive active use of leisure time. - 3"Mass Participation" - describe the term and it's positive and negative aspectsSport for everyone, everyone involved including target groups.
+ healthier nation/less strain on the NHS
- less funding to the elite level performers/country low in world rankings. - 4Define the terms contemporary concern and sedentary lifestyle.CC - Issues relevant at the current time due to inactivity.
SL - A lifestyle predominantly without physical activity. - 5Describe the term obesity and state when a person is considered "Obese"."A degree of body fat over and above the expected gender norm"
25% over the gender norm considered obese
Men 25% body fat
Female 35% body fat - 6How can "Obesity" be prevented?Exercise - GP referral scheme/ 60 mins daily/ 2 hours of PE a week/ increasing energy output so it is more than energy input.
Diet - less saturated fats in a more balanced diet/ decreasing energy input/ less LDL and more HDL. - 7Describe CHD and state its association with a sedentary lifestyle.Result of the accumulation of fatty deposits forming plaques within the walls of the arteries that supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients. The pathways become clogged with the plaque and restricted. Atherosclerosis.
SL - inactive therefore blood is not flowing around the body to help remove the plaque. CHD is a hypokinetic disorder - a disorder relating to inactivity. - 8What is diabetes and explain its 2 types."Inability of the body to insulin"
Type 1 - insulin dependent/heredity/young people
Type 2 - non insulin dependent/ environment changes/ lifestyle/ older people - 9Explain "Blood pressure""force exerted by blood on the arterial walls"
Systolic - highest BP - contraction phase
Diastolic - lowest BP - relaxation phase - 10State the values for high BP140/90
- 11Explain what might cause a person to experience high cholesteroldiet - high in saturated fats and no exercise/ increase in LDL and decrease in HDL
weight - overweight through lack of exercise will increase LDL
family history - more at risk if inherited
Age - risk rises with age
Sex - men affected more than women
alcohol - risk rises with over the recommended amount. - 12Describe the essential and non essential cholesterol in the bodyLDL - less protein in relation to fat/bad cholesterol/non-essential/lodges in walls of the arteries (plaques) causing arteries to narrow (atherosclerosis).
HDL - more protein in relation to fat/good cholesterol/ essential/helps prevent atherosclerosis by blocking the movement of LDL/ aids transport to the liver for removal - 13Explain Metabolic Syndrome and how it relates to other contemporary concerns"combination of medical disorders"
Links CHD, diabetes, abdominal obesity with insulin resistance.
Some people develop a resistance of their muscles to the action of insulin/ not enough glucose is carries to the cells to enable them to work properly.
Increased risk of CHD and type 2 diabetes which are both CCs. - 14Define cholesterolA substance produced from fatty foods, particularly from a diet high in saturated fats.
- 15Access and opportunity barriers preventing people from participating in PA.Gender/ social class/ ability/ disability/ age/ race/ethnicity
- 16explain stressstressors - events that provoke stress
body responds by activating the nervous system and production of hormones
adrenal gland - stimulated to produce more adrenaline hormone & cortisol released into blood stream
these hormones have a number of effects of the body "Fight or flight"
enhance ability to perform well under pressure/causes problems when its over/ reacts or fails. - 17Explain "Sport for ALL"set up in 1972
increase opportunities/develop facilities/educate the public - health
Became "Sport for all" in 1974
combat target groups in the community - 18define exercisea physical activity that produces a positive psychological response and adaption.
- 19What are the benefits of exercising for health?CV - slows degenerative diseases/lowers LDL-C/ increases HDL-C / BP
Respiratory - slows decline in V02 max / long durations
Body composition - burns excess fats
Skeletal - improves elasticity of carillage / increases bone density
neuromuscular - sustains strength and coordination skills
psychological - reduction in anxiety improves self esteem - 20what are the benefits of exercising for fitness?energy metabolism - total intake of food is sufficient to supply enough energy to: keep cells alive/keep systems working/meet the demands of life.
basal metabolic rate - least rate of energy usage to carry out the basic bodily functions.
Male - 100kJ/day
Female - 90 kJ/day
Total metabolic rate - sum of BMR + energy required for all daily activities + SDA
SDA - specific dynamic action/ extra rate of energy expenditure due to deigestion/absorption of nutrients and transport of nutrients/ 10% of energy value of food. - 21What is considered a good rate of fat loss?1-2 lbs a week
losses more permanent
calorific restriction used to reduce body mass - 22What are the main energy providers for the body?Fats - insulation/low-intensity energy/some soluble and some insoluble
Carbohydrates - two types; simple & complex/ high intensity fuel source/ aids the utilization of fats as an energy source.
Proteins - made from amino acids;essential and non essential/required for growth and repair/ acts as a last resort energy source - 23What are the non-energy providing nutrients?Water - involved in almost every bodily function/ major body component/ primary role thermoregulation and transport.
Minerals - aids vitamin absorption/ provides structure for bones and teeth/ essential in many bodily functions/ includes calcium, magnesium, iron, potassium and sodium.
Fibre - no calories/ vitamins or minerals exist and it is not digested/ essential for healthy bowel function/ soluble ad insoluble.
Vitamins - required to facilitate psychological functions/ fat soluble and water soluble. - 24What two ways are there of controlling energy intake?physiological and psychological factors
- 25Physiological FactorsHunger
Stomach digests food every 4-5 hours/ once emptied stomach sends message will be sent to the brain
hunger is initiated by: gastric constriction, absence of nutrients in the small intestines, lower concentrations of gastro-intestinal hormones
the stomach can adapt to what it is exposed to. - 26PsychologicalAppetite
results from sight, smell or thought of food
can be brought on from: boredom, anxiety, grieving, celebrate, time of date, availability and variety of foods, stress - 27CarbohydratesCHO
sugars/rice/pasta/bread
absorbed as glucose in small intestines
immediate energy source
transported around body as blood glucose
excess stored as liver glycogen and fat - 28FatsSource: butter/oil/pastry/fried food
secondary energy supply
absorbed in small intestine as glycerol
stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue
transported to liver via blood - converts to glucose
20% - 29ProteinSource - meat/milk/cheese/nuts
absorbed in small intestine as amino acids
growth and repair of tissues
used as energy source when depleted fat/CHO
10% - 30Vitaminssource- animal and dairy products/fruit/veg
needed for all physical functions
regulate metabolism
facilitates energy release
bone formation and tissue synthesis
5% - 31MineralsSource- veg/fruit/fish/nuts
aids vitamin absorption
5% - 32Water72% muscle weight
50% of adipose tissue
aids blood transportation of nutrients
lubricates joints
5 litres per day - 33Fibresource: wholegrain/veg
aids gastrointestinal functioning
20-40g per day - 34What are the 3 main elements required by the body to ensure survival?Water, Oxygen and Heat
- 35How much of the body is made out of water2/3
- 36What will happen if there's too much heat in the body?Too much or not enough heat will result in death. The importance of not overheating can be understood when the body gives away water and its essential for our physiological processes.
- 37define hydrationyour physiological state of optimum water balance
- 38define dehydrationa state where the body does not have optimal water balance and so is not functioning to full ability.
- 39what do scientists define dehydration as?Fluid losses greater than only 1% of body weight.
- 40What are the 4 areas where we lose most water?urine output, skin and lungs respiration, sweat, blood
- 413 signs of dehydrationthirst, headache, fatigue
- 425 main functions of water in the body1) saliva and gastrointestinal secretions - helps digestion
2) helps transport O2 and nutrients in the blood to all cells
3) helps lubricate joints and cushion organs and tissues in body fluids
4) water carries waste products out of the body in urine
5) removes body heat generated during exercise in sweat - 43Effects of severe dehydrationnausea, chills, increased HR, inability to sweat, light-headed, cells detonate water to essential organs, organs begin to sut down.
- 44When will dehydration become fatal?9-12% body weight is lost because of water loss.
- 45How many glasses of water per day would a sedentary adult living in a temperate climate require?8 average-sized glasses
- 462 main factors affecting how much water you needexercise and climate
- 47How much water per calory burnt1ml
- 48What is an electrolyte?A mineral soluble in bodily fluids and associated with cell membrane electrical potential. e.g. sodium, potassium, chlorine/
- 49How do popular recreations reflect their social setting?They were localised due to lack of transport
They had lots of potential space - there were few boundaries as we were a rural country
they were often violent due to a lack of rules. - 50How was rational sport a reflection of society post Industrial Revolution?leagues established due to intense populations/ ability to travel
limitation of player number due to lack of available space
need for written rules due to number or teams and ability to travel
stadia created to house spectators - 51what was the role of oxbridge universities in the development of sport.initiated rationalisation of rules
initial codification of sport
early establishment of NGBs
diffusion of sport across country - 52define commercialisationthe use of sport as a commodity in order to generate income through other marketing opportunities such as advertising and sponsorship.
- 53define americanisationa term given to the influence of AMERICAN CULTURE NORMS AND CUSTOMS in other than American sports in every aspect of sports around the world (win at all costs)
- 54examples to support Americanization of sport has occurred.sport moving from a leisure activity to an industry
need to win becoming all important - cheating - deviance
tv rights for events
adopting nick names
naming rights for stadiums
frnachises
increase in players - 55How did the Olympics 1976 and 1984 contribute to the commercialization of sport.1976 Montreal, cost of hosting games led to city going bankrupt
LA governments refused to pay for them
encouraged sponsorship from private companies e.g. MacDonals hamburger games
sold festoon to sponsors
sold tv rights
games made huge profit
blueprint for future sporting events - 56Link between deviance and commercialisationdefine deviance and commercialisation
refer to 1984 LA games and montreal 1976
Uberroth president of og
growth of deviant behaviour
commercialisation relies on sport generating money
increased pressure to succeed
forms of deviance
growth of sport as commodity
challenge that there was already deviance before these games - 57Key sport holy calendernew year - start of sporting season
plough monday - 1st monday after xmas
shrove tuesday - feb 17th 2015 - shrovetide football
may day - may 1st men chased women
whitsuntide - 7th sunda after easter dancing and games/ - 58what is an invasion game?a sport in which a player or team has to invade the opposing teams territory
- 59What is the IOCinternational olympic commitee
- 60Define codificationthe creation and maintenance of the rules and regulations
- 61What is rational sportrati development of the NGBs to standardise rules and regulations
- 62Who established the Coltswold OlympicksRobert Dover
- 63Who was Baron de CoubertinMade modern olympics to:
develop health required to defend country
integrated populations and brought people together - 64Who was the first president of the iocDemetrius Vikelas
- 65When was the first olympicsAthen 1896
- 66What is a boycottWithdrawl of participation (normally to make a political statement)
e.g. USA and USSR 1960 ans 1988
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- Flashcards on AS PE, created by amber2lou on 07/01/2015.
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