PDHPE Study notes

Question	Answer
What are the 5 dimensions of health?	Physical Social Spiritual Emotional Mental
What is a health continuum?	A health continuum is a scale that measures the relative and dynamic nature of health.
Developing personal skills	Modifying personal behaviours of individuals and gaining access to support and information. This includes interpersonal and personal skills through education. For example, education of skin cancer and the encouragement of self examinations to prevent breast cancer.
Creating supportive environments	Aims to support individuals at risk of developing a disease or who are at risk of developing one. It involves support provided by improving the social and physical to encourage individuals to make informed decisions about their health. For example, AA support individuals with a drinking problem, encouraging them to make informed decisions about their health.
Strengthening community action	Taken by a community itself to solve a health problem. Aims at promote positive health within a community. The community 'relay for life' is an example of this.
Building health public policy	Focuses on laws and legislation which are aimed at increasing and promoting better health within the community. This action area includes introduced laws, including no smoking in pubs and around community facilities. These aim to increase health and safety within a community
Reorienting health services	This is an initiative aimed at prevention through making health facilities more accessible to the public. This may include shifting resources and funds to areas of need. Human and non human resources (medical practitioners and first aid supplies) were sent to the area to prevent further health problems.
What is balance	Balance is the ability to control the equilibrium. There are two main types of balance: static and dynamic.
Line of gravity	A theoretical vertical line that passes through the body's centre of gravity
Stability	the resistance to the disturbance of equilibrium
SELF PROTECTIVE STRATEGIES: a) Water environment	knowing your own swimming ability. Avoid entering water if waters are rough and use ropes. Enter water slowly. Take flotation devices and rescue aids to help you.
SELF PROTECTIVE STRATEGIES: b) Traffic	Heavy traffic is a risk for the first aider. Ask bystanders to direct the traffic or create a barrier.
SELF PROTECTIVE STRATEGIES c) Electrical situations	Approach with caution. Single out the source of power. Turn off power at source, using a non conductor. Don't touch objects in contact with fallen or exposed wires.
SELF PROTECTIVE STRATEGIES d) Viruses that are spread through bodily fluids	Face shield when doing CPR To avoid risk of contracting blood borne viruses such as HIV AIDS or hepatitis,wear disposable latex gloves. Hygienically dispose of any object covered in blood.
SELF PROTECTIVE STRATEGIES e) Debriefing and counseling	After the first aid situation, these will decrease the emotional impact on the first aider. Without support, it is likely that the first aider can be impacted emotionally, becoming depressed or withdrawn.
Exercise at home	Exercise at home is especially convenient for those who work long hours or have children. Most people have turned to modern, new and innovative exercise equipment to improve/maintain their fitness, whilst remaining in the comforts of their own home or garage. Along with these reasons, individuals who live in remote areas choose to exercise at home as traveling to and from the gym is costly and time consuming. These reasons explain the increasing demand for exercise products and a soar in the levels of people choosing to exercise at home. However, exercising while at home can have a negative effect on your motivation levels, as it quiet often becomes lonely, as there is no social interaction. Also, the home environment may not be supportive of personal goals and interests related to exercise.
Community facilities	Along with this, local councils provide the community with a large range of facilities that the public can utilise. Within larger communities, the availability of a wide range of facilities provides the individual with greater exercise choice. This increases the likelihood of finding a fitness activity that suits your needs. In addition to this, Individuals can access a large number of activities in one venue. Community facilities is an important setting for promoting physical activity to kids at an early stage as they are the set of team games and trainings. However, if using community facilities like tennis courts, soccer fields ect, you may need to purchase equipment eg. Tennis racquets and tennis balls in order to use the associated facility.
Fitness centres	To do exercise at a fitness centre is a common setting for those wishing to improve their fitness. Fitness centre’s provide a range of classes for the varying fitness levels of each individual. Conveniently, at a fitness centre, you are able to combine an aerobic workout with a resistance training. This fitness setting allow for its users to have access to weights are other specialized equipment which they cannot afford. Membership costs at fitness centres are high, and if an individual is suffering from anxiety or is self concious about their weight, seeing people may deter their confidence, in turn decreasing their mental wellbeing
Personal trainers	Personal trainers can be available two ways: as a centre employee or self employed. They provide knowledge for people who don’t know much about exercise whilst being great motivators. The personal trainers focus on your unique health concerns and avoid wasting time. Even though this is an increasing setting for exercise, personal trainers are costly. In addition to this, they can be forceing and put you on the spot and can make you work more than you want. Exercising with a personal trainer does not enhance social wellbeing, as you don’t interact with anyone else for the period of time.
Define physical health, and what does it encompass?	Physical health refers to how capable to body is to participate in everyday activities and the absence of disease. It includes fitness, energy levels, body weight and the efficient of the body's organs. lifestyle and personal behaviors (eg, the amount of alcohol a person drinks) can affect health.
What is social health?	A persons ability to interact with other people in a social environment. In addition to this, it also refers to a persons ability to follow the acceptable behavior pattern and act appropriately in group situations.
Mental and Emotional health	Refers to how well a person accepts and manage their feelings and the preassure of stress/ their ability to cope with it. In addition to this, it involves a person ability to resolve problems, a persons self confidence and self esteem while making decisions.
Spiritual health	Finding a sense of purpose and meaning in your life along with being in peace with your self. It does not have to be religious, but refers to a persons morals, values and aspirations
Define health	A state of being that is dynamic and takes into account the four dimensions of health. In 1986, the WHO defined health as "a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources as well as physical capabilities"
Explain how the dimensions of health interact with one another	Good health is a balance of all the dimensions of health interacting. These include physical, social emotional and social. Viewing health holistically means that a change in one dimension will lead to changes in other dimensions.
The relative nature of health	Each person has factors that contribute to their own potential for achieving the best possible health, therefore one persons description of health will be different to others. For example a child with asthma experiences good health but experiences events that a non asthmatic child would interpret as restrictive on health.
The relative nature of health	changes in a persons health status that can occur anytime in a persons lifetime.
factors that affect a persons view of their own health	Age, gender, education, SES, sociocultural status, hereditary and lifestyle
Epidemiology	the collection of data on the health of different people in society
What is social construction?	The process of making meaning out of personal experience
Investigate the impact of media, peers and family have on someones perception of health	The media, family and peers are significantly influential on the development of values and beliefs, therefore shaping ones perception of health.
Facts and statistics to include in exam writing	Over 90% of Australians rate their health as excellent, very good or good. An estimated 1 in 4 males and 1 in 7 females aged 15-24 years are overweight. 7% of people within Australia eat no fruit at all
FOOD HABITS	Risk behaviour: eating fat, sugar and salt Protective behaviour: reading the diearty guidelines
Road safety	Risk behaviour: not wearing a seat belt, lack of driver experience, DUI, prevailing attitudes towards driving Protective behaviours: good role modeling by parents, proper planning of events, wearing a seat belt.
How many bones, muscles and joints are there in a normal human body?	206 bones Over 200 joints Over 650 muscles
What are the four main types of bones and provide examples for each	Long bones: radius, Ulna Short bones: Carpals, scaphoid Flat bones: Ribs, scapula Irregular bones: Spinal cord
What are ligaments?	Bundles of strong fibrosis bands that connect bone to bone. They tighten when the muscle is under pressure so prevent excess movement
What are tendons?	inelastic cords of connective tissue. They attach muscle to bone and assist the ligaments by holding the joints closed.
Immoveable or fibrosis joints	No movement possible. Eg the joints that connect the 8 bones that make up the skull.
Slightly moveable or fibrosis	Offer some protection in absorbing shock. eg. The cartilage disks that sit between each of the vertebrae in the human spine.
Synovial joints	The synovial joint also allows the bending, extending, and rocking from one side to the other through the ellipsoidal joint. In addition to this, it absorbs shock and prevents jarring.
What are the six types of synovial joints?	Ball and socket, Hinge, gliding, saddle, condyloid, pivot.
Flexion and extension	Flexion is the bending movement that causes a decrease in the angle between the bones at the joint eg. bicep curl Extension is the straightening movement that causes an increase in the angle between the bones at the joint eg. the end phase of a bicep curl.
Abduction and adduction	Abduction: moving the body part in a lateral plane away from the midline of the body eg. performing a star jump Adduction: moving the body part back towards the midline of the body
Inversion and eversion	Inversion is the rotation of the foot so that the sole turns inwards. Eversion is the rotation of the of the foot so that the sole turns outwards.
Rotation	The movement of a bone turning on a central axis eg. the neck turning from one side to the other
circumduction	combination of other movements that results in a circular or cone like pattern eg. bowling a cricket ball
Pronation and supination	Pronation occurs when the radius rotates around the ulna so that the hand is facing with the palm down Supination is the movement that occurs when the radius rotates around the ulna so that the hand is facing upwards
What are the 3 types of muscles in the human body	Skeletal, smooth and cardiac
Oxygen exchange	There are over 600 million alveoli in a healthy human lung. They are the site of oxygen exchange. Oxygen inhaled into the lungs passes into the thin wall of the alveoli into the blood stream. At the same time co2 passes back into the lung through the wall of the alveoli.
What is first aid?	The initial help given to a casualty based on the first aiders knowledge, experience and skills.
What is CPR?	Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a combination of external air resuscitation (EAR) and external Cardiac Compressions (EEC)
What does individual needs to consider when administering first aid?	Safety of themselves and the casualty, the control the transmission of blood bone viruses such as HIV AIDS and hepatitis
What is a situational analysis?	making the emergency scene safe for the bystanders, the first aider and the casualty. It involves assessing the situation and removing immediate danger or preventing further dangers from occurring.
STOP	S- Stop: stop the injured person from participating. T- Talk: Ask the injured person what happened, how did it happen and what did they feel when it happened. O-Observe: Observe the injured person, if the appear to be distressed. Check for any signs of bleeding, dislocation or swelling. Assess if the athletes form of movement was restricted compared to any other parts of the body. P-Prevent further injury: Prevent any further injury by using the TOTAPS method: Talk: determine what has happened by asking the casualty Observe: compare the injury to the other side and see if there is any injury/deformity Touch: gently feel the area to see if anything is out of place Active movement: ask the injured person if they can move the area Passive movement: gently try to move the area to see what pain is occurring. Skills test: ask the injured person to do a test using movement they were doing before the injury.
When would you use the STOP method?	The Stop, Talk, Observe, Prevent further injury method is used to manage injuries when the casualty is conscious, even though the injury may still be severe.
Synovial fluid	lubricates the joint and provided nutrition for the articular cartliage

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