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Amy Walker Cognition in Clinical Contexts English 35 cards

Cards in this deck (35)

  1. 1What is Episodic Memory?Memory of EVENTS:
    - reference to oneself
    - organised temporally (time)
    - recalled consciously
    - Susceptible to forgetting
    - context dependant
  2. 2What is Semantic Memory?Memory of FACTS:
    - reference to knowledge only
    - not organised temporally
    - events are known
    - relatively permanent
    - context independant
  3. 3What are some challenges for Episodic - Semantic Distinction?- the interdependence of the systems makes distinction unclear
    - difficult to ascertain whether a memory of an important autobiographical event remains episodic or becomes semantic
  4. 4Where does evidence for the Episodic - Semantic Distinction come from?- evidence comes from different pathologies such as Semantic Dementia
    - Graham et al. conducted a comparison of SD with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and found poor object naming in SD but not AD
  5. 5What is the neuropathology & symptoms of Semantic Dementia?Neuropathology: non-Alzheimer type degerative pathology and inferolateral temporal cortex with relative sparing of hippocampus in early stages
    Symptoms: progressive, selective deterioration in Semantic Memory with reasonably preserved Episodic memory
  6. 6How does knowledge inform language processing?- much more than a store of word meanings/grammar rules
    - use knowledge to make inferences
    ability to correctly infer underlies language comprehension
  7. 7What are the main types of models of Semantic Memory structure?- Feature Comparison models
    - Prototype Models
    - Exemplar Models
    - Network Models: Hierarchical Nets; Semantic Nets; Adaptive Control of Thought - Rational; Parallel Distributed Processing
  8. 8What are the main concepts behind the Feature Comparison models?- mental representation of objects/categories are stored as lists of defining/characteristic features
    Defining feature: possessed by all members of category
    Characteristic feature: possessed by most members of a category
  9. 9What is a sentence verification task?- participants presented with a sentence eg. is a carrot a vegetable?
    - time taken to verify the sentence measured
  10. 10How do verification tasks support the Feature Comparison model?- if a member of a category has more characteristic/defining features of that category it will be verified faster explained by the typicality effect
  11. 11What are the limitations of the Feature Comparison model?- few concepts can be reduced to list of defining characteristics
    - features are not independant
  12. 12What are the concepts behind the Prototype model?- category membership is not clear cut
    - the average of a category is defined rather than its boundaries
  13. 13What is the prototypicality effect?- items which are more representative of a category are verified faster as categories have a graded structure & some member are more prototypical than others
  14. 14What are the key claims of the Prototype model?1. prototypes differ from non-prototypes
    2. objects are categorised at the superordinate, basic and subordinate levels
  15. 15What are some examples of the first key claim of prototype models?1. the examples of a category most often generated are also those rated as most prototypical
    2. Semantic priming effect is greater for prototypes
    3. prototypes share most features with other category members
  16. 16What is a further explanation of the second key feature of Prototye models?The superordinate level: furniture, animal
    The subordinate level: armchair, alsatian
    The basic level: chair, dog (used to name objects)
    - the basic level shows the largest Semantic priming effects & can distort memory
  17. 17What are some benefits of the Prototype models?- explains empricial findings:
    - False alarms: incorrectly assuming you have seen item before made more likely with prototypes
    - when asked to list category items prototypes are given first
    - Typicality effect for pictures: prototypes identified from images faster than unusual items
    - allows "loose" concepts to be created
  18. 18What are some limitations of the Prototype model?- prototypes can change with context
    - prototypes "lose" information
    - experts have different prototypes
  19. 19How are the Exemplar & Prototype Models related?both involve comparisons between external reality and internally generated "standard"
  20. 20What are the main concepts of the Exemplar model?- specific examples rather than prototypes drive the Typicality effects
    - easier to find specific memories of common objects rather than uncommon ones
  21. 21What are some benefits of the Exemplar model?- does no require abstraction
    - preserves information about variability (exemplars can vary)
  22. 22What are some limitations of the Exemplar model?- applies to complex more than simple categories
    - infers that we store every single example of a category
  23. 23What are the main features of network models?- a database model as a flexible way of representing objects and their relationships
    - schema is not restricted by a hierarchy
  24. 24What are the main features of the Hierarchical Nets model?- emphasises the relationship between concepts
    - concepts are represented by nodes
    - nodes are connected by links
    - idea of semantic relatedness
  25. 25What is some support for the Hierarchical Network model?- people are faster to verify information which is specific to one node and not general (eg is canary yellow/has feathers)
    - due to less links needin to be made between the nodes to verify the answer
  26. 26What are some limitations of the Hierarchical Network model?- people faster are faster to verify "peacocks have feathers" than "birds have feathers" but this feature is specific to both nodes
    - doesn't describe the hierarchy around how features are represented
  27. 27What are the key concepts of the Semantic Nets model?- Semantic information represented by distance between nodes
    - spreading activation of nodes
    - link streghtn of weight is represented as distance
  28. 28What is some evidence supporting the Semantic Nets model?- priming effects greater for "closer" items
    - False memory effects (DRM paradigm): recalling information which has not been perceived due to the Semantic retionship between the words
  29. 29What is the ACT-R model?- theory of all cognition
    - declarative memory is a small part which consists of propositions (smallest unit of information that can be declared true/flase)
    - the more links are activated the stronger they become
    - the number of links that can be supported is limited by the concept
  30. 30What is the fan effect?- the time to make true/false decisions increases with the number of items of information associated
    - ACT-R assumes a finite amount of activation so if it is spread thinly the decisions are slow and acquiring new connections is harder
  31. 31What are Parallel Distribution models?- neuron-like nodes connected by links
    - concepts are represented by a pattern of activity across nodes
    - links have different weights
    - processing proceeds in parallel (many patterns of spreading activation may occur at the same time)
  32. 32What are two benefits of Parallel Distribution models?- allows for spontaneous generalisation
    - allows for graceful degradation (not modular)
  33. 33What is a schema?generics information about situations/general rules that are typically accurate
  34. 34What are scripts?structured, ordered sequences of events (can be a prototype/ abstraction)
  35. 35What evidence is there that schemas distort memory?- experiment where participants spend 35 seconds waiting in an office
    - most participants remember desk/chair/shelve etc
    - picnic hamper & wine bottle rarely recalled because it is inconsistent with schema (other research suggest we remember schema-inconsistent information)

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Cognition in Clinical Contexts (Thought) Flashcards on Knowledge, created by Amy Walker on 12/11/2019.
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Amy Walker
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