20606972
Description
Flashcards by Malachy Moran-Tun, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Malachy Moran-Tun
over 4 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is Meiosis? | A method of cell division, which creates 4 genetically different haploid cells |
| Where does Meiosis take place? | Testes / Ovaries |
| How many times do cells in Meiosis divide? | 2 |
| What is a gene? | A section of DNA that often contains instructions for a specific protein |
| What is a genome? | All of the DNA in an organism. Each body cell contains a copy of the genome |
| What is a polymer? | A long chain molecule created by joining up many smaller molecules (monomers) together |
| What is a protein? | A polymer made up of amino acids |
| What is a zygote? | A fertilised egg cell |
| What does diploid mean? | Cell contains 2 sets of chromosomes (46 in humans) |
| What does haploid mean? | Cell contains 1 set of chromosomes (23 in humans) |
| What is DNA's structure? | Double-helix (2 strands that are joined together and twisted around each other) |
| What are the strands of DNA held together by? | Pairs of bases |
| What are the 4 bases in DNA? | Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine |
| What does Adenine pair with? | Thymine |
| What does Guanine pair with? | Cytosine |
| Fill in the blank: Each base in DNA is attached to a _____ called __________, and each sugar is attached to a __________ _________. This grouping is called a ________ | sugar deoxyribose phosphate group nucleotide |
| What holds the base pairs together in DNA? | Hydrogen Bonds |
| What are the two stages of protein synthesis? | Transcription and Translation |
| What is RNA? | Single stranded molecule similar to DNA, except uses Uracil instead of Thymine |
| What happens in transcription? | Produces mRNA to form DNA. mRNA is small enough to leave the nucleus and go to the ribosome. 1. DNA in the nucleus unwinds due to the RNA polymerase enzyme, which binds to a non coding region 2. mRNA nucleotides pair up to the template strand with their complementary base pairs 3. Hydrogen bonds break between the mRNA nucleotides and the DNA. The mRNA is now a single strand with complementary base pairs to DNA |
| What happens in translation? | Occurs in the cytoplasm, with the help of ribosomes. tRNA molecules have an amino acid and anti-codon on each end, which are complementary to a codon (3 bases in DNA) Each anti-codon is complementary to a codon on DNA tRNA binds temporarily to the mRNA, which brings each amino acid on the molecule closer together Peptide bonds are formed between amino acid, making a polypeptide chain form Process continues until a "stop" codon is reached |
| ok that was a lot of stuff, unless you're viewing this in a different order. so go take a small break or go over it or something idk | drink some water |
| What is a phenotype? | The physical characteristics determined by alleles |
| What are alleles? | Different forms of a gene |
| What is a genotype? | The combination of alleles that an organism has |
| Hip hip hooray... | for DNA! |
| Summarise what Gregor Mendel (pea guy) did to study phenotypes? | Cross-bred different plants with different characteristics, and determined if it would be recessive or dominant. |
| What is a recessive allele? | An allele that doesn't change the phenotype (physical characteristic) but could be passed on |
| What is a dominant allele? | An allele that always affects the phenotype |
| What is a homozygous gene? | When both alleles for a gene are the same in an organism i- i mean gey |
| What is a heterozygous gene? | When both alleles for a gene are different in an organism |
| In punnett squares, what do capital and lowercase letters mean? | CAPITAL IS DOMINANT lowercase is recessive |
| What is a co-dominant allele? | An allele that are both expressed in the phenotype |
| What is an example of co-dominant alleles? | Blood Types (specifically A and B alleles making AB blood) |
| What is a mutation? | A change in a gene that creates a new allele |
| When do mutations often occur? | In cell division |
| Fill in the blanks: ________ can cause mutations in genes. __ __________ from the sun can cause mutations leading to ______ ______ | Radiation UV radiation skin cancer |
| What is the human genome project? | A collaborative effort to sequence the whole human genome |
| Why was the human genome project useful? | Allowed for diagnosis of genetic disorders and "Personalised Medicine" |
| What is genetic variation? | Variation caused by the different alleles inherited during the saucy times |
| What is environmental variation? | Variation caused by the surroundings |
| What are acquired characteristics? | Characteristics that are changed by the environment during an individual's life (such as an injury that causes permanent effects) |
| What is continuous variation? | Variation where the characteristic can have a range of values (eg. Height and Weight) |
| What is discontinuous variation? | Variation where the characteristic fits into certain categories (eg. Hair Colour and Blood Type) |
| What shape curve does continuous variation form when plotted? | A bell-shaped curve (normal distribution) |
| What is Meiosis? | > Method of cell division > Creates 4 genetically different haploid cells > Takes place in the testes / ovaries > Cells divide twice |
| What happens in Meiosis? | > Cell duplicates DNA so there's enough for each new cell First division: - Chromosomes line up in pairs in the centre of the cell - Pairs are pulled apart - Each new cell will only have one copy of each chromosome - Each new cell will have a mixture of the chromosomes - This creates genetic variation in the offspring Second Division: - Chromosomes line up again - Chromosomes are pulled apart into chromatids - Creates four haploid daughter cells - These are gametes - Gametes are all genetically different |
| What is a Gene? | A section of DNA that often contains instructions for a specific protein |
| What is a Genome? | > All of the DNA in an organism > Each body cell contains a copy of the genome |
| What is DNA's Structure? | Double-helix (2 strands that are joined together and twisted around each other) |
| What are the 4 bases in DNA and what do they Pair With? | Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine A = T G ≡ C |
| Fill in the blank: Each base in DNA is attached to a _____ called __________, and each sugar is attached to a __________ _________. This grouping is called a ________ | Each base in DNA is attached to a SUGAR called DEOXYRIBOSE, and each sugar is attached to a PHOSPHATE GROUP. This grouping is called a NUCLEOTIDE |
| What holds the Base Pairs together in DNA? | Hydrogen Bonds |
| What are the two Stages of Protein Synthesis? | 1. Transcription 2. Translation |
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