Flashcards

WOOD

Sierra Crona Thomas English 185 cards

Cards in this deck (185)

1—flexural load/bending
2—Twisting load/torsion
3—Parallel load/shear
4—tensile load/tension
5—compressive load/compression
6how should the grain run to resist flexural load?The grain should run along the longest dimension
7Stress1) internal forces that develop inside the material in reaction to the applied strain; *expressed as pressure*/
2) the part's reaction to strain
8strain1)deformation as a result of an applied force. typically described as a percentage of the length of the body
2) a deformation applied to the part
9Ductilitythe ability of a material to withstand a type of deformation called "plastic deformation" without breaking or rupturing. bends without breaking.
10brittlenessmaterial breaks or snaps under stress
11how should a compressive load be applied to wood?
12def: composition remains constant throughouthomogeneous
13def: composition varies point-to-pointheterogeneous
14Def: material's physical properties are the same at any point in any directionisotropic
15Def: Materials ***physical properties*** depend on the direction in which they are measuredanisotropic
16Def: readily absorbes moisturehygroscopic
17Def: repels moisturehydrophobic
18What is the difference between hardwoods and softwoods?Hardwood - deciduous (lose leaves), angiosperms (produces seeds with coverings like fruit)
Softwood - conifers (has needles)
19what are 2 examples of a hardwood? a softwood?1) mahogany, teak, walnut, oak, ash, elm, aspen, poplar, birch, beech, hickory, maple
2) pine, spruce, cedar, fir, larch, douglas fir
20what kind of sawing is thisquartersawing
21—plainsawing
22—plainsawing
23—quatersawing
24a board cut with one face parallel to the rays and thus perpendicular to the growth ringsquartersawn
25what is a positive of quartersawn? why is full log quartersawing a bad idea?+)stronger pieces
-)extremely wasteful; up to 30% is wasted
26another word for plain sawnflat cut
27—rift cut
28—vertcal (comb) grain
29—flat grain
30what is 1 board foot12 x 12 x 1
31—cupping
32—checking
33—twisting
34—bowing
35—crooking
36list 3 types of plywoodveneer core, lumber core, particleboard core
37plywood & oriented strand boardplywood: wood in layers; stronger and cheaper than wood, more resistive to shrinking, twisting, cracking, and warping
OSB: wood from trees that grow quickly; logs are cut into strands that are dried, organized and treated with wax and binders. can be used wherever you would use C-D plywood
38pressure treated woodproviding protection from the elements and/or organisms
39Chemically modified woodinfused with a wood-based chemical making it more dimensionally stable and more moisture resistant; still looks, feels, and works like real wood.
40Particle Board Vs. Medium Density Fiberboard1)made with tiny pieces of wood, sawmill shavings, or sawdust, glued together and pressed into sheets. Most economical, but weakest of sheet goods
2)Made by breaking down softwoods into individual fibers that are then glued and pressed together. denser and has a smooth finish.
41list advantages of woodrenewable, high specific strength (strength-to-weight ratio), easy to fabricate/machine (low cost/energy for production), excellent thermal, acoustic, and electrical insulation properties, compostable post-use, excellent aesthetics
42list disadvantages of woodlarge variability in quality and mechanical properties (heterogeneous and anisotropic), dimensionally unstable due to shrinkage and swelling (hygroscopic), nor recyclable via reforming, and subject to deterioration due to : rot, mold, fungi, bacteria, insects, the elements.
43—cross cut
44—rip cut
45—miter cut
46—bevel cut
47—combination cut
48—pocket cut
49—rabbet cut
50—groove cut
51—dado cut
52—butt joint
53—overlap joint
54—Dovetail Halving Joint
55—T-Bridle Joint
56—Twin Mortise & Tenon
57—Twin Mortise & Tenon
58—Stopped Mostise & Tenon
59—Double Mortise & Tenon
60—Rabbeted Mortise & Tenon
61—Haunched Mortise & Tenon
62—Through Mortise & Tenon
63—Moulded-Frame Mortise & Tenon
64—Canvas-Stretcher Joint
65—Loose-Wedged Mostise & Tenon
66—Wedged Mortise & Tenon
67—Grooved-Frame Mortise & Tenon
68—Mitred Corner Bridle Jiont
69—Glued & Screwed corner block
70—Mortise & Tenon
71—Stopped lap Dovetail joint
72—Lap Dovetail Joint
73—Triangular Corner Block
74—Square Corner Block
75—Dado Joint
76—Dowel Joint
77—Blind Dado joint
78—Glazing-Bar Halving Joint
79—T-Bridle Joint
80—Oblique Halving Joint
81—Cross Halving Joint
82—Miter Joint
83—Full-Lap Joint
84—Half-Lap Joint
85Joinery Groovesbasically all dados; if cut w/ grains = "ploughs"; if on the end or edge = rabbets
86Rabbeta plough cut that is made along the edge of a board of a dado cut that is made across the end of a board. creates a L shaped channel
87mortise1) a shallow cut in the surface of wood for the purpose of mounting something ( like a hinge) so that it is flush with the wood.
2)a recess in a piece of wood possibly for a mortise and tenon joint
88edge miter jointa joint where the edge of one plank meets the edge of another at 90 degrees and each edge is cut with a miter cut.
89spline<
90corrugated fastenera small wavy rectangle of steel with one edge sharpened so that it can be driven into wood to hold a joint toether.
91—box joint
92—finger joint
93—Biscuit joint
(+ some holding power
+ a lot of shear power)
94—biscuit jointers
95Workpiecea piece of material in the process of being worked, machined, milled, or otherwise fabricated.
96a flat steel measuring device shaped like the letter L with ruled marks on both leges and often on both sides as well.steel square, carpenter's square, framing square. the long arm is the blade, the short arm is the tongue.
97—Combination Square
fundamentally use: square to lay out 90deg, but also measures distance, other angles (usualy 45), and which may have a spirit level, a protractor, and/or other secondary tools.
98a tool for taking measurements that cannot be readily done with a ruler or yardstick. eg. the diameter of a portion of a spindle or the wall thickness of a turned bowl.Calipers
99—balloon calipers-
have particular widely curved legs
100—Transfer Calipers-
have no intrinsic measurement capaility but rather are used to transfer a distance from an object over to a ruler
101a measuring tool used for either making more accurate measurements than are possible with the relatively gross markings on a normal ruler or yardstick.calipers
102—Vernier Calipers-
has an inner section that looks like a narrow ruler and outer sections that slide along it, and has downward pair of flat-edged projections. The projections are moved until they are at the distance to be measured, which can then be read on the scaled markings on the inner section. more accurate than transfer calipers, less so than dial calipers.
103—Dial Calipers
vernier calipers with a dial that gives fine-increment reading of the lowest scale section of the vernier scale.
104—digital calipers
-same thing as dial, but instead of a mechanical rotary dial it uses LCD readouts
105—Micrometer
accurate to .001, more than calipers.
comes in barrel scales, thimble scales, and digital readouts.
106—Dial gauge -
a sensitive measuring instrument with a circular graduated face and a pin which activates a rotating pointer on the face to measure variation in pin movement in thousands of an inch. used to measure runout and etc.
107—Woodworking bench vise -
permanently mounted under a workbench beneath the level of the top of the bench. a vise dog allows them to clamp against workpieces that are flat on the top of the bench.
108—Handscrew Clamp
disadvantages: 1) no quick release
2)difficult to tell when the surfaces are parallel
109—Bar clamp (f clamp)
disadvantages: limited throat size. similar but smaller than a pipe clamp.
110—C clamp
a loose (opposed to bench-mounted) clamp more of less in the shape of the letter C. sometimes called a G clamp. deeper throat than bar clamp.
111—Spring Clamp -
a steel spring is used to create pressure. Such clamps have limited clamping force and are used for small, relatively weak, clamping jobs, but they have the advantage that you can put them on and take them off with a simple squeeze and they are very useful.
112—Awl -
a pointed instrument that looks like an ice pick, designed for poking holes in leather, rubber, and other flexible materials. a Scratch Awl is used for making light scratches when laying out a project.
113—Center Punch -
a simple device to mark a surface at a point where a hole is to be drilled.
114—Flat head screwdriver - standard
disadvantage: the tendency to strip the slot in the screwhead
115—Phillips head - a little more protection from stripping
116—Channel Lock Pliers
also called "tongue and groove" pliers;
gripping jaws are at an angle to the handles instead of a straight extension of them, and the opening/closing mechanism is based on a series of tongue and groove indentations that allow multiple settings for the size of the opening.
117—Crescent Wrench -
has two parallel jaws with one an integral part of the handle and the other adjustable through a sliding mechanism contrlled by a knurled gear shaft inside the handle. most commonly used to tuen square head bolts and hex head bolts.
118—Coping Saw -
a hand saw used to cut intricat curves and cutouts. Used to create dovetails and coping cuts
119—Miter Gauge - a tool that slides in a slot on a table saw, router table, bandsaw, etc., and which can be adjusted to different angles so as to slide the stock past the blade to achieve an angled cut.
120—Miter Box -
An apparatus to guide a saw (usually a backsaw) to make miter joints. The cut produced can be at an angle to the long dimension of a board, or to the face.
121a flat straight length of some material, usually wood, steel or aluminum, which provides a reference for tools to wrok against, thus preventing the work from sliding and/or setting a fixed distance from the edge of the workpiece to the blade.Fence
(rip fence - always used in ripping)
122width of material lost to saw bladeKerf Width
123—Panel Saw
124A saw that uses a continuous loop of flexible steel, with teeth on one side or both that runs on 2 of 3 wheels.Band Saw
125Stationary power tool for boring holes. tables rides up and down on a rack and pinion gear.Drill Press
126stationary power tool with a long toary cutting blade; used on the face on a piece.Planer
127a power machine used to true the edges of boards; uses rotating bladesJointer
128one of 2 major innovations in large woodworking tool in the last 20 years. highly versatile saw and very accurate for making angled crosscuts in wood up to a modest sized width. a circular saw with the blade in a swivel mounting that is brought down onto the wood and swivel can be angled in 2 planes.Compound Miter Saw
129S4Ssurfaced four sides
130Describe 1 way to square lumber1) identify defects, join face A, plane Face B, join edge C, Rip (with table saw) opposite edges so that the edges are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the faces, square both ends with tables saw (cross cut)
2) identify defects, join face A, Join edge C to make perpendicular with Face A, Rip (with table saw) the edge D to make edges parallel, plane face B, square both ends with table saw (cross cut)
131What visual and physical damage may occur to wood if you dont take your time when sawing?The wood will burn
132incorporates a router mounted statically on its side with the workpiece clamped to a multiaxis sliding table. Produces traditional mortise and tenon pairs as well as floating (loose) tenons.horizontal mortiser (slot mortiser)
133—radial arm saw -
has a blade on a yolk that rides along an overhead beam; ideal for compound miter cuts.
134one of the most versatile and widely used of all woodworking power tools.Router -
Normally bit and wood are moved relative to each other such that the bit is moving into the cut. The reverse is called a *Climb Cut*
135—Plunge Router -
router mounted on a spring-loaded base. can be turned on and *plunged* down into a piece. good for routing where you don't want the edges of a piece to be routed.
136—Router Table -
designed to hold a router with the router housing under the table and the router bit protruding above the table. Turns a router into light duty shaper. provides more control of workpiece than when putting the router directly on the piece.
137a machine for shaping wood by rotating it rapidly along its axis while using very hard, sharp-edged gouges, chisels, or scrapers to shape the rotating surface.Wood Lathe
138The maximum workpiece diameter that the lathe will acceptThe "swing" of the lathe
139uses continuous loop belts of sandpaperBelt Sander
140uses a disk of sandpaper; can shape and smooth both flat and convex profilesDisk Sander
141List the 3 types of palm sanders1)square bottom
2)round bottom
3)triangular bottom
142T/F all palm sanders are detail sandersFalse; all detail sanders are palm sanders but not all palm sanders are detail sanders.
143—chuck -
holds a tool or the material being worked on in a machine with a rotating action.
144a drill chuck that does not require a chuck key but instead can be tightened and loosened by just twisting the endkeyless chuck
145The most common use for this chuck is to grab a raised rim on the bottom of a bowl, on the inside by expansion or on the outside by compression.Four Jaw Chuck
146a very common and versatile chuck for a wood lathe. Has less variety than the four jaw chucks.three jaw chuck
147—Collet -
used in routers, Dremel tools, and other rotary tools. A metal shaft is inserted into the collet and then a tightening nut presses the collet into the larger tool such that the splits in the top of the collet are compressed against the shaft, thus holding the cutting bit firmly in the larger tool.
148—Twist Drill Bit -
the "normal" drill bit
good for both wood and soft metals
149—Forstner Bit -
has a center spur, a circular rim with a sharp edge usually without cutting teeth, and two sharpened flat-bottom flanges that act as chisels to cut clean flat bottomed holes.
The primary purpose is for drilling holes that do not go all the way through.
150—Step Drill Bit -
can make numerous different-sized holes in thin material
151A wire nail used almost exclusively for construction. Its broad head has high holding strength but is disadvantageous in situations where looks matter more
152—Countersink Bit -
allows you to drill out the upper portion of a hole so that the head of a screw will sit flush with the face of the object it is put into. Countersink Pilot Hole Bits drill a pilot hole as well as a countersink.
153—Countersink Pilot Hole Bits -
drill both a pilot hole and a countersink. come in sets set for most common screws and with adjustable collars for different depths so that the pilot holes can be adjusted for different length screws.
154—Self Centering Bit -
designed to bore perfectly centered pilot holes for hinge mounting screws. uses standard twist drill bit inside retractable spring-loaded sleeve.
155—Spade Drill Bit -
the projected may or may not be threaded to pull the bit into the wood as it is pushed from the other end.
Least expensive but least effective
does not leave smooth holes
156—Hole Saw -
cuts holes usually in fairly thin material. Some are very heavy duty with carbide cutting edges and some are sold in cheap sets of simple metal cylinders that fit into a multi-holder. Used with power drills, stationary or hand held.
157—Router Bit - variety is very large
158Typical Router Bit Profiles
159—Flush Trim Router Bit -
straight bit with a bearing mounted at the tip; used to trim workpieces or the veneer on top of a surface to conform to a template of the substrate.
160—Ogee Router Bit -
usually refers to a molding with a double curve which in cross sections looks like a shallow "S"
161—Dovetail Router Bit
162—Adjustable Dado Blade -
The adjustable dado blade has an adjustable wobble that allows a dado of whatever width set.
Does not produce perfectly vertical groove walls nor does it produce a perfectly flat groove bottom.
163Dado Bladeone of the simplest and most widely used joints in woodworking, and since it cannot be made in a single pass of a normal circular saw blade, special dado cutter blades were developed.
164—Stacked Head Dado Cutter -
a set of circular saw blades consisting of 2 outer blades (identical normal circular saw blades) and a set of chipper blades that cut out the portion of the dado groove in between. The outer blades make smooth walls while the chippers remove the bulk (more chippers can be added to get a wider dado groove)
165What determines the holding power of a nail?the nail's diameter, driven length, and the grain direction and density of the wood.
166What happens when a nail is driven perpendicular to the grain?annular grooves provide added bearing surface for bent wood fibers, which resist withdrawal of the nail.
167What happens when a nail is subject to lateral loading tails?it typically crushes the wood near the surface and bends and pulls out of the hole.
168—Wood Screw -
designed for wood or a similar material
pointed, tapered shank, coarse threads, sometimes an unthreaded portion just under the head.
169Countersunk Screwhas a sloping part under a flat head
170Standard Countersunk Screw v. Bulge Head Screw1)sloping surface is 45deg flat surface
2) sloping surface shaped like a bugle (used on drywall)
171—Phillips head
(+more protection against stripping the slots)
172—Flat Head Screw -
1) has a flat head as to be flush with the object it is screwed into; requires a countersunk head.
173What is the structure of a screw?
174What is the structure of the screw hole?
175—Carriage Bolt -
also called "Coach Bolt"
intended to be inserted into a cavity (normally in metal) that is square at the top and then a nut is put on at the other end and tightened with a wrench.
176—Hex Head Bolt
easily turned with a crescent wrench
177—Allen Head Bolt -
requires allen key or allen wrench
178—Screw and Bolt Drive Types
179Security Boltdesigned so as to deter casual removal.
180—Cross Dowel Or Barrel Nut (bed bolts)-
a type of knockdown fastener
commonly used with a connector bolt
the dowel is inserted into a hole in one piece of wood, that also has a hole to accept the bolt into the hole in the center of the dowel, and then the bolt is put through a hole in another piece of wood and the two can then be tightly joined, and broken down later if desired.
181How does yellow glue work?scientists theorize that it bonds wood in 2 ways: 1)Mechanically - wet glue pours into the pores of the wood boards, and when it dries the hard fingers of the glue lock the boards in union
2)Chemically - Positively charged hydroxyl groups on the wood's surface are attracted to the negatively charged carbonyl groups in the yellow glue in hydrogen bonding. This is the main force.
182How to use wood glue to create a butt joint
183List 2 types of oil finishesLinseed (raw and boiled)
Tung oil (pressed from the nuts of a tung tree, sand after every coat)
184list 4 Film-building FinishesPolyurethane
shellac
varnish
lacquer
185list 3 finishesoil
film building
oil/varnish