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Flashcards

Chem

Audrey Allen English 72 cards

Chem

Cards in this deck (72)

  1. 1Kcat?-number of substrate molecules "turned over" by one enzyme in one second
  2. 2In an simple enzymatic scheme, what reaction constant represents the rate limiting step?kcat
  3. 3Meaning of Km?Essentially the Kd for E and S
    -Measures the propensity for E and S to dissociate ~in either direction
  4. 4Does Km effect Vmax?No! Vmax = k2(kcat)[Etotal]
  5. 5Draw serine. what is its: 1 LC, 3 LC, pkA?S. SER. pkA not phys. importantDraw serine. what is its: 1 LC, 3 LC, pkA?
  6. 6Draw aspartic acid. what is its: 1 LC, 3 LC, pkA?D. asp. pka = 4Draw aspartic acid. what is its: 1 LC, 3 LC, pkA?
  7. 7Draw glutamic acid. 1, 3 LC? pkA?E. glu. pka = 4Draw glutamic acid. 1, 3 LC? pkA?
  8. 8Draw histidine 1, 3 LC? pkA?H, His, pka =6. think of it as very close to physiologicalDraw histidine 1, 3 LC? pkA?
  9. 9Draw cystine. LC? pka?C. Cys. 8.3Draw cystine. LC? pka?
  10. 10Draw lysine. LC? pkA?K/ lys. 10.8Draw lysine. LC? pkA?
  11. 11If, on average, a hydrogen bond provides 1 kcal/mole of stability to a protein’s folded state, how many hydrogen bonds need to be broken to unfold the average protein?10. (proteins are only stable by 5-10kcal/mol, and H bonds are worth 1-3)
  12. 12What are the units for ΔGKcal/mol
  13. 13Consider a natural globular protein. For the UNfolding reaction of that protein, what do you think the equilibrium constant (Kunfold) would be?Between 0-1
  14. 14If the folding of a protein is thermodynamically favored, what will Kfold be ~?Greater than 1
  15. 15Easy way to relate kfold and kunfoldku = 1/kf
  16. 16Equations for ΔG1. ΔG = -RT * ln(Kfold)
    2. ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
    H = heat of rxn
    S = entropy
  17. 17Units of Kfold? Units of Keq?Kfold is unitless, Keq (or K dissociation) is in M
  18. 18Kd? Where is it on a plot of [Ligand] vs fraction receptor bound?the concentration of ligand where 50% of the ligand is bound to its target
    kd = [p][L]/[PL]
  19. 19Effective drugs usually have what range of Kd10-13 to 10-6 M range (aka nano/micromolar range)
  20. 20What is IC50concentration needed for 50% reduction in activity (is easier to measure than Kd, but less accurate)
  21. 21When dealing with a ligand-protein interaction and ptot <<< Kd, what equation can you use to solve for stuff?Usally ptot should be 50-10 times less than KdWhen dealing with a ligand-protein interaction and ptot &lt;&lt;&lt; Kd, what equation can you use to solve for stuff?
  22. 22How would you define the velocity of an enzyme?Moles/L product generated per unit time
  23. 23What happens to the velocity of a reaction is enzyme conc is double?Velocity double
    Vmax = k2(kcat)[Etotal]
  24. 24measure of "catalytic efficiency?"kcat/Km
  25. 25What is true when [S] = Km?amount of substrate to produce 1/2 maximal velocity
  26. 26What does [p][l]/[pl] also meantheta, fraction of receptor bound
  27. 27Calculation for V? Not VmaxV = Kcat[Etot][Stot]
    / (Km + Stot)
  28. 28what is a nucleosomestrand of DNA wrapped around one histone core octomer
  29. 29acetylation of histone tailsgenerally corresponds to gene activation
    -reduces the positive charge of histone tails and repels it from negative backbone of dna --> opening up chromatin structure
  30. 30methylation of histonesCorrelated to where the mark is placed
    on lysine 4 on H3 - active
    lysine 9 or 27 of H3 - repressed
  31. 31What do writer proteins doplace either active or repressive marks on chromatin
  32. 32What DNA bases usually gets methylated and what does that mean?Cytosine (HAS to come before a G), and represses expression. Needs to be before the G, any other wont work
  33. 33What histone proteins make up a nucleosomeH2A, H2B, H3, H4 --> 2 of each of these make up the octomer
  34. 34what is the total length of DNA in a cell3m
  35. 35If the DNA in the cell was only packed around histones, not packed tighter than that, what would the length of it be?Pack it around histones --> 3m / 7(compaction factor of 7) --> around 40cm (into 10microns!!)
  36. 36Euchromatin vs heterochromatinHeterochromatin has condensed chromatin structure and is inactive for transcription, while euchromatin has loose chromatin structure and active for transcription. hetero- like straight ppl, not open to explore
  37. 37What moity is on the 5' end of DNA? on the 3'?5' = phosphate group
    3' = hydroxyl group
  38. 38What does HDAC enzymes do(histone deacetylaces) they are "eraser" proteins - remove acetyl groups from histone tails. Acetyl groups usually promote transcription. If you block HDACs – dna stays activated – more transcription
  39. 39How many possible RNA codons are formed by three base sequences?64
  40. 40introns vs exonsintrons are sequences of RNA that are IN the way of producing a mature mRNA molecule. Exons are snipped together to make the mature mRNA molecule.
  41. 41what transcription factor is necessary for binding to the TATA boxTFIID
  42. 42ChronotropyTerm used to describe the speed of contraction of the heart.
  43. 43InotropyTerm used to describe the force of contractiion of the heart
  44. 44DromotropyTerm used to describe the speed of electrical conduction
    through the heart
  45. 45Cortisol is what kind of hormone, and what familya steroid hormone- in the glucocorticoid class of hormones
  46. 46Where is cortisol producedadrenal gland
  47. 47What is cortisol released in response tostress and low blood glucose
  48. 48What effects does cortisol have (4)it functions to increase blood sugar through gluconeogenesis/ to suppress the immune system/ and to aid in the metabolism of fat/ protein/and carbohydrate. It also decreases bone formation.
  49. 49In general: the three main functions of cortisolanti-inflammatory/HPA suppression/Salt retention
  50. 50cortisol's effect on metabolism: Increase blood
    glucose. Increase fat mass
  51. 51cortisol's effect on skin and muscleThinning of skin &
    Loss of muscle mass
  52. 52cortisol's effect on bone and calciumloss of bone mass
  53. 53cortisol's effect on Salt, water, & Blood pressureWater retention &
    increase blood pressure
  54. 54cortisol's effect on CNS MoodIncrease sugar
    intake & Reduced cognition &
    Depressed mood
  55. 55What controls thyroid hormone releaseRelease is controlled by thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH), secreted by anterior pituitary and
    acts on the thyroid
  56. 56TH effect on growth and developmentinvolved in synthesis of proteins necessary for normal
    growth & development
  57. 57TH effect on oxygen and heart rateincreases oxygen consumption:
    Leads to increased cardiac output, increased ventilation
  58. 58TH effect on energy/nutrient storageincreased food intake, and increased mobilization of carbohydrates, protein, and fat stores for production of energy.
    -increased heat production
    (thermogenesis) and thus
    sweating and
    -decreases muscle mass and
    adipose tissue
  59. 59prostagladins on blood vessels? Along with what?vasodilator, along with Nitric oxide
    • Bradykinin
  60. 60what kind of molecule is prostaglandinseicosanoids
  61. 61what are the two derivatives of prostaglandinsprostacyclins and thromboxanes
  62. 62What are prostacyclinsProstacyclins are
    powerful locally acting vasodilators and inhibit the aggregation of blood
    platelets. Prostacyclins are synthesized in the walls of blood vessels and
    serves the physiological function of preventing needless clot formation.
  63. 63When are FH and LH spike, and which one spikes more. What is responsible for their surge?LH spikes more, right at ovulation. estrogen responsible
  64. 64When does estrogen spikeright before ovulation
  65. 65what hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum and dominates the luteal phaseprog
  66. 66what happens to uterine lining (endometrium) in menstral phasebeing shed
  67. 67what happens to uterine lining (endometrium) in proliferative phaseendometrium is rebuilt
  68. 68what happens to uterine lining (endometrium) in secretory phasecoresponds to luteal phase: enrichment of blood supply and secretions of nutrients to prepare for embryo
  69. 69what do phosphodiesterases dodegrades cAMP
  70. 70What does a Gq protein activateactivates phospholipaseC --> increase IP3 and DAG --> increases Ca
  71. 71What is the Spinothalamic pathway and what kind of information does it carry,is a sensory pathway from the skin to the thalamus. The types of sensory information transmitted via the spinothalamic tract are described as affective sensation. This means that the sensation is accompanied by a compulsion to act. For instance- an itch is accompanied by a need to scratch-and a painful stimulus makes us want to withdraw from the pain.
  72. 72What is the Spinoreticular pathway and what kind of information does it carry,It is responsible for the transmission of pain, temperature, and crude touch to the somatosensory region of the thalamus.

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Flashcards on Chem, created by Audrey Allen on 14/08/2020.
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Audrey Allen
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