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ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN ACHIEVEMENT SCLY2

ashiana121 AS AQA SOCIOLOGY A-Level English 98 cards

Cards in this deck (98)

  1. 1What are the three external factors that affect ethic differences in achievement?Cultural deprivation
    Material deprivation and class
    Racism in wider society
  2. 2What are the two main aspects of cultural deprivation?Intellectual and language skills
    Attitudes, values and family structure
  3. 3What do cultural deprivation theorists claim children from low income black families lack?Intellectual stimulation
  4. 4What does this mean they fail to do as a result?Develop problem-solving and reasoning skills
  5. 5Who argues that the language spoken by poorer black American families is ungrammatical and disjointed?Bereiter and Engelmann
  6. 6What do Bereiter and Engelmann argue this leaves these children unable to do?Express abstract ideas - a major barrier to educational success
  7. 7What do some cultural deprivation theorists argue about some children who do not speak English at home?They may be held back educationally
  8. 8Some cultural deprivation theorists argue that the subculture into which some black children are socialised into is _________Fatalistic
  9. 9What is this subculture focused on?Immediate gratification
  10. 10What does this result in?A lack of motivation to succeed
  11. 11What may a lack of a male role model in many Afro-Caribbean families lead to?Encouraging boys to form a 'gang-culture'
  12. 12Who argues that the high rate of lone-parenthood leads to the underachievement in some ethnic minority pupils?Murray
  13. 13What kind of thinker is Murray?New Right
  14. 14How does Moynihan expand on this?Absence of a male role model in matrifocal black families means children are inadequately socialised and as a result fail at school
  15. 15What does Moynihan argue happens to these children because they fail at school?They become inadequate parents themselves and continue a culture of poverty
  16. 16Who argues that the Black Caribbean culture is less resistant to racism due to the experience of Black History and slavery?Pryce
  17. 17What does this result in (in terms of young people and achievement)?Pupils have low self esteem and under-achieve as a result
  18. 18Why does Kahn argue the Asian family is an obstacle to achievement, especially towards girls?Asian parents take a controlling attitude towards girls and as a result they do less well than boys
  19. 19Why is it argued that white working class pupils also underachieve?- lower aspirations than other ethnic groups
    - working class subculture
    - lack of parental support
  20. 20Which two sociologists gathered evidence that supports this view?Evans and Lupton
  21. 21What did Lupton study?4 working class schools with different ethnic compositions
  22. 22What did the teachers report in the white working class schools?Poorer levels of behaviour and discipline
  23. 23What did they link this to?The lower levels of parental support and the negative attitudes of working class white parents towards education
  24. 24Why does Evans argue there is a strong pressure to reject school?There is a street culture in white working class areas that can be brutal and is brought into school
  25. 25What are the two examples of compensatory education?Operation Head Start, Sure Start
  26. 26Where did each of these take place?Operation Head Start - USA
    Sure Start - UK
  27. 27What was the aim of Operation Head Start?To compensate children for the cultural deficit they are said to suffer because of their deprived background
  28. 28What was the aim of Sure Start?To support the development of pre-school children in deprived areas
  29. 29What are the names of the three main criticisms of cultural deprivation?Victim blaming
    Cultural exclusion
    Cultural domination
  30. 30Who makes the argument of victim blaming?Keddie
  31. 31What is this argument?Ethnic minority pupils are culturally different, not culturally deprived and they underachieve because the school is ethnocentric (biased in favour of the white culture)
  32. 32What is meant by cultural exclusion?Minority ethnic groups are disadvantaged because they are less aware of how to negotiate in the UK's education system - resulting in cultural exclusion rather than cultural deprivation
  33. 33Who's argument is this?Ball
  34. 34What does Gerwitz expand this with?Complex school application forms are an example of cultural exclusion practises
  35. 35How does compensatory education cause cultural domination?It imposes the dominant white middle-class culture on minority ethnic groups own culture
  36. 36What is material deprivation?Lack of physical or economic resources that are essential for normal life within society
  37. 37Pakistanis and Bangladeshis are more likely to be ____ than whitesPoor
  38. 38_____________ is higher for many minortiesUnemployment
  39. 39Pay is ______ and overcrowding in the home more likely for ethnic minoritieslower
  40. 40Which document argues that social class accounts for at least half the difference in educational achievement between ethnic groups?Swann Report - 1985
  41. 41Which minority groups are most likely to be working class and therefore do worse in education?Bangladeshi and Pakistani
  42. 42What may material deprivation be a product of?Racism in wider society
  43. 43Why is this?Members of minority ethnic groups may face discrimination in the jobs and housing market - more likely to have low pay/be unemployed - this affects their childrens educational opportunities
  44. 44What are the three main internal factors that cause ethnic differences in achievement?- Labelling
    - Pupil subcultures
    - Institutional racism
  45. 45Why may labelling lead to under achievement?Labelling - teachers treat them differently - children at a disadvantage - selffulfilling prophecy - underachievement
  46. 46What two types of pupils have sociologists studied the labelling of?Black pupils and Asian pupils
  47. 47Who studied the Black Pupils?Gillborn and Youdell
  48. 48Gillborn and Youdell found that teachers had ___________ ____________ about black pupilsRacialised expectations
  49. 49What is another word for racialised expectations?Labels
  50. 50How did teachers view black pupils?- Expected more discipline problems
    - Saw their behaviour as threatening
  51. 51Black pupils were more likely to be punished than other for ___ ____ _________The same behaviour
  52. 52How did the pupils feel?As though the teachers underestimated their ability and picked on them
  53. 53What did Gillborn and Youdell conclude that conflict between white teachers and black pupils stemmed from?Racial stereotypes that teachers have (rather than from the pupils actual behaviour)
  54. 54What are the two reasons why this can cause underachievement?- Higher levels of exclusions of black boys
    - Black pupils being placed in lower streams or sets
  55. 55Which two sociologists did studies on Asian pupils?Wright and Connolly
  56. 56What did Wright find out about Asian primary school pupils?They were stereotyped by their teachers and treated differently
  57. 57In which 3 ways did this happen?- teachers assumed the kids would have a poor grasp on English and so they used a simplistic language when speaking to them
    - teachers mispronounced childrens names
    - teachers saw Asian pupils as a problem that they could ignore
  58. 58What happened as a result?Asian pupils (especially girls) were marginalised and prevented from participating fully, affecting their self esteem
  59. 59Connolly found that primary school teachers saw Asian pupils as ______ and _________Passive and conformist
  60. 60In Connolly's study, both teachers and pupils saw Asian boys as more _________, _________ and less able to protect themselvesFeminine, vulnerable
  61. 61Pupils may react to labelling by forming a pupil subculture. Who identified 4 types of black boy subcultures?Sewell
  62. 62What are these 4 types?Conformist, innovators, retreatists and rebels
  63. 63Which was the largest group?The conformists
  64. 64Give some characteristics of the conformistsKeen to succeed
    Accepted the schools goals
    Had friends from different ethnic groups
  65. 65Which was the second largest group?Innovators
  66. 66Give some characteristics of the innovatorsPro-education, anti-school, valued success but not the teachers approval
  67. 67What name is given to a tiny minority of isolated individuals that disconnected themselves from the school and from black subcultures outside school?The retreatists
  68. 68Give some characteristics of the rebelsSmall but highly visible
    Rejected the schools goals
    Conformed to the 'black macho lad' stereotype
    Despised white boys
    Despised conformist black boys
  69. 69What was the rebels' aim?Achieve the status of 'street hood'
  70. 70Which subculture did teachers tend to see all black boys as?The rebels
  71. 71What did this discrimination result in?The underachievement of many boys, not just the rebels
  72. 72Who found a similar response in Asian pupils (explain)?O'Donnell and Sharpe - macho 'warrior' lad among Asian boys - they despised conformist Asian youths as weakings
  73. 73Who did they study of the black girls in year 11 who continued to work hard despite negative labelling and didn't look for teacher approval?Fuller
  74. 74What did Mirza find about black girls strategies for dealing with teachers racism?- e.g they didn't ask certain staff for help
    - this could restrict their opportunities
    - disadvantaged as a result, even thought they did not accept the negative labels
  75. 75What is institutional racism?Racism that is built in to the way institutions (schools and colleges) operate on a routine/unconscious basis
  76. 76How is this different from teacher racism?That is the conscious racism of the teachers
  77. 77What is meant by ethnocentric?Prioritising the culture of one particular ethnic group while disregarding/downgrading others
  78. 78Which three sociologists have argued that the curriculum of British schools is ethnocentric?Troyna & Williams
    David
    Bell
  79. 79What do Troyna and Williams argue?It gives priority to white culture and English language
  80. 80What does David argue?National Curriculum is 'specifically British' - teachers the culture of the 'host community'
  81. 81What does Ball argue?History curriculum in British schools creates a 'mythical age of empire and past glories' while ignoring the history of Black and Asian people
  82. 82Who may minority ethnic groups suffer as a result of an ethnocentric curriculum?They may feel as through they and their culture is not valued in education - this lowers their self esteem
  83. 83Give two other examples of institutional racism, apart from the ethnocentric curriculumSetting and streaming
    Governing bodies
  84. 84What did a study on setting and streaming find?Asian pupils constantly placed in lower streams
    Asian pupils less likely to be entered for GCSE exams
  85. 85Who did the study on governing bodies?Hatcher
  86. 86What did Hatcher find?Schools governing bodies gave a low priority to race issues
    They failed to deal with racist behaviour
    Lack forms of communication with ethnic minority parents
  87. 87Who found that governing bodies were disproportionally white?Ranson
  88. 88The __________ procedures followed by schools can also be a from of institutional racism is they are used in a discriminatory way against minority ethnic groupsSelection
  89. 89Which commission found racism in secondary schools admissions procedures?The Commission for Racial Equality
  90. 90What was there a lack of?Information or application forms in minority languages
  91. 91What was there present in entrance interviews?Bias
  92. 92What process may make this worse?Marketisation
  93. 93Why is this?Marketisation increases the amount of selection in the education system
  94. 94What does this create more opportunities for?Negative stereotypes to affect school admissions
  95. 95What might this make it more difficult for minority pupils to do?Get in to high-achieving schools
  96. 96What does the education system become as a result?Racially segregated
  97. 97What schools are minority pupils more likely to be in?Unpopular, unsuccessful schools
  98. 98What did Gerwitz find that Asian parents did?Self-segregation : avoiding rough schools with a rep for racism, opting for schools they saw as safe and with firm discipline

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A-Level AS AQA SOCIOLOGY (Flashcards) Flashcards on ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN ACHIEVEMENT SCLY2, created by ashiana121 on 18/05/2015.
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