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Description
Flashcards by ashiana121, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by ashiana121
almost 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Since what decade has girls achievement improved to a point where they now outperform boys? | 80's |
| In key stage 1-3, in what subjects is the gap between girls and boys achievement narrower? | Math and sciences |
| Is the gap at a level wider or narrower at A-level compared to GCSE? | Narrower |
| At GCSE, girls are around __ percentage points ahead of boys | 10 |
| More _____ go on to higher education | Girls |
| What are the 4 external factors linked to the improvement in girls achievement? | - Influence of feminism - Girls changing perceptions & ambitions - Changes in the family - Changes in women's employment |
| How do feminists have an impact on womens rights? | Through campaigns to win changes in the law eg. equal pay, outlawing rape, divorce etc |
| Feminists ideas are likely to have affected girl' self-image and aspirations. What does this mean as a result? | Girls are more motivated to do well in education |
| Who did a study of working-class girls in the 1970's and 1990's? | Sharpe |
| What did Sharpe find? | Girls priorities had changed 1970s - love, marriages, husbands, children, jobs 1990's - careers, independence |
| Who found that girls now had high career aspirations and so needed educational qualifications? | Francis |
| What have the 6 main changes in the family been since 1970? | - Increased divorce rate (40% of marriages) - More lone parent families (90% female headed) - More cohabitation - Decrease in 1st marriages - More women staying single - Smaller families |
| What have these changes meant for women? | Given them more need and more opportunity to be economically independent - which gives them motivation to do well at school and gain qualifications |
| What has resulted in more employment opportunities for women? | Expansion of the service sector |
| What has womens employments risen to and from since the 50's? | Under half of married women to 75% today |
| Give 2 examples of laws which have given women more employment rights | Equal Pay Act - 1970 Sex Discrimination Act - 1975 |
| The pay gap between men and women has almost halved since when? | 1975 |
| What do changes like this result in in terms of girls achievement? | Girls have more incentive to see their futures in terms of paid work - this creates an incentive for them to gain qualifications |
| What are the 6 internal factors sociologists see as important in explaining girls improved performance? | - Equal opportunities policies - Role models - Coursework - Stereotypes in learning materials - Teacher attention - Selection and league tables |
| How has feminism affected the education system? | The belied that boys and girls are equally capable and should have the same opportunities is widely accepted and has become a social norm in education |
| Give some examples of policies which have aimed to give boys and girls equal opportunities | GIST & WISE National Curriculum -1988 |
| What do these policies result in? | Meritocracy |
| Now that girls have more equal opportunities than the past they are able to... | Do better |
| What does the fact that there are more female teachers and head teachers than the past provide for girls? | A positive, pro-educational role model |
| What does the presence of many female teachers also do to the learning environment? | Feminises it |
| What does this do? | Encourages girls to see school as part of the female gender domain |
| What does this mean as a result? | Girls see educational success as a desirable female characteristic and are motivated to do well |
| Who argues that girls do better than boys in coursework? | Mitsos and Brown |
| Why do they argue this? | Girls are more conscientious and better organised |
| Girls ______ earlier | Mature |
| Girls can ___________ for longer | Concentration |
| Who found that girls achievement improved rapidly when GCSE's were introduced (1988) due coursework being a major part of most subjects? | Gorard |
| What have past studies of textbooks and other learning materials found? | They used to under-represent females and portrayed them as subordinate to males Showed them in domestic roles Showed them unsuited to certain subjects e.g science |
| Since the 1980's what has happened to these sexist images? | They've been removed and replaces with more positive images of females |
| How does this impact girls? | Impacts girls perceptions of what women can do and thus may raise their aspirations |
| In who's earlier studies was it found that teacher spent more time interacting with boys than girls? | Spender 1983 |
| Which three recent studies have suggested that girls may benefit more than girls? | Francis French & French Swann |
| Who's study found that: - Boys dominate class discussions - Girls prefer groups work and and are better at listening and cooperating - This favours teachers - As a result teachers respond more positively to girls and give them more encouragement | Swann |
| Who's study found that teachers gave boys and girls equal academic attention, but boys more attention overall due to more punishments? | French & French |
| What did Francis find? | Even though boys received more attention, they were disciplined more harshly and felt teachers picked on them and had lower aspirations of them |
| What types policies have lead to competition between school? Give an example | Marketisation policies e.g exam league tables |
| What does this mean schools try to do and in order to what? | Recruit more able students in order to boost their results and league table position |
| Why are girls more attractive to schools? | Because they are generally more successful in education |
| How many times more likely are boys to be excluded compared to girls? | 4 times more likely |
| What do generalised ideas of boys misbehaviour and low-achievement mean? | Schools see them as 'liability students' who will give them a bad image and produce poor results |
| How has selection affected girls achievement? | Girls more likely to get places in successful schools - girls get a better education - girls achieve more |
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