Flashcards
Chemistry Unit 2
Cards in this deck (102)
- 1a mixture with a uniform compositionsolution
- 2the dissolving medium. it is in the greater amountsolvent
- 3the substance dissolved. it's in the lesser amountsolute
- 4ionic compounds when dissolved in water form ---ions
- 5ions in water conduct ---electricity
- 6contain only nonmetalsmolecular compounds
- 7dissolve in water but do not form ionsmolecular compounds
- 8produce ions in a solutionelectrolytes
- 9strong electrolytecompletely ionizes (breaks apart) in a solution
- 10weak electrolyteonly partially ionizes (breaks apart) in a solution
- 11a weak electrolyte conducts ---, but not as muchelectricity
- 12nonelectrolytedoes not ionize
- 13precipitation reactiona reaction where an insoluble precipitate is formed
- 14solubilitythe amount of a substance that can be dissolved
- 15higher temperatures increase ----solubility
- 16NO3- and C2H3O2- always form ----soluble ionic compounds
- 17Cl-, Br-, and I- always make soluble ionic compounds EXCEPT when combined with ----Ag^1+, Hg2 ^1+, and Pb^2+
- 18SO4^2- forms soluble ionic compounds EXCEPT when combined with ----Sr^2+, Ba^2+, Hg2^2+, and Pb^2+
- 19CO3^2- and PO4^3- form insoluble ionic compounds UNLESS combined with ---NH4^+ and the alkali metal cations
- 20S^2- and OH^- always form insoluble ionic compounds UNLESS combined with -----NH4^+, Ca^2+, Sr^2+, Ba^2+ and the alkali metal cations
- 21steps in writing a net ionic equation (4)write the complete balanced chemical equation, rewrite the equation showing all ions, cancel the spectator ions, rewrite the equation without the spectator ions
- 22substances that yield H+ in solutionacids
- 23monoprotic acidsforms one proton (H^+) per molecule
- 24Diprotic acidforms 2 protons per molecule
- 25triprotic acidforms 3 protons per molecule
- 26substances that increase the the amount of OH- in a solutionbase
- 27strong acids and basescompounds that completely ionize
- 28strong acidsHCl, HBr, HI, HClO3, HClO4, HNO3, and H2SO4
- 29strong basesGroup 1A metal hydroxides (RbOH, LiOH, NaOH, KOH, CsOH), Heavy group 2A metal hydroxides [Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2]
- 30strong acids and bases are strong ----, weak acids and bases are weak ----electrolytes
- 31all ionic compounds are strong ----electrolytes
- 32neutralization reactions are also known as ---acid base reactions
- 33neutralization reactions have acid base reactants and --- for one of the productswater
- 34oxidationthe loss of an electron
- 35reductionthe gain of an electron
- 36OIL RIGoxidation is loss
reduction is gain - 37Oxidation number is a+ or - charge that is assigned to an element
- 38for elements the oxidation number is0
- 39for monoatomic ions the oxidation number is thecharge
- 40nonmetals usually have () oxidation numbersnegative
- 41oxidation number of oxygen-2
- 42oxidation state of hydrogen when bonded to nonmetals is+1
- 43oxidation state of hydrogen when bonded to metals is+1
- 44the oxidation number of fluorine is always-1
- 45the sum of all the oxidation numbers in a compound is0
- 46the sum of all the oxidation numbers in a polyatomic ion isthe charge of the polyatomic ion
- 47molarity =(moles of solute [mol])/(volume of solution in Liters)
=mol/L =M - 48electrolyte concentration for each ion is multiplied by the --- in the balanced equationcoefficient
- 49thermodynamicsthe study of energy and its transformation
- 50thermochemistrythe relationship between chemical reactions and energy
- 51energythe capacity to do work or transfer heat
- 52workthe energy to cause an object to move
- 53heatthe energy to cause temperature to increase
- 54potential energydue to position
- 55electrostatic potential energy Eel=(kQ1Q2)/d
- 56unit of EnergyJoule
- 57systemthe area being studied
- 58surroundingsthe area not being studied
- 59gases can enter or be releasedopen system
- 60no gases can enter or leave, heat can enter or leaveclosed system
- 61no gases can enter or leave, no hear can enter or leaveisolated system
- 62endothermicheat goes into the system
- 63exothermicheat flows out of the system
- 64work =Force(distance)
- 65first law of thermodynamicsenergy conservation - energy isn't created or destroyed; energy can be transformed
internal energy - the sum of all the energy sytem - 66the change in energy is equal toheat +work
- 67an endothermic reaction has heat flowing --- the system and is ---into, positive
- 68an exothermic reaction has heat flowing --- the system and is ---out of, negative
- 69state function only depends on ----the state the element is in
- 70unit of enthalpyH
- 71change in H =H(final) - H(initial)
- 72what is enthalpy?a thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the total heat content of a system
- 73specific heat =quantity of heat transferred/[(grams)(temp change)]
- 74ionic bonds break into ions that are --- and ----metals and nonmetals
- 75what is a ceilometer?measures the heat of a reaction
- 76galvanizingusing a layer of zinc to protect steel or iron from rusting
- 77what are valence electrons?the electrons in the highest principle quantum number
- 78—electron configuration
- 79bond enthalpy is alwayspositive
- 80bond enthalpy change in H=H(bonds form) - H(bond breaking)
- 81Hess's Lawif a reaction is carried out in a series of steps, change in H for the overall reaction is equal to the sum of the individual steps; you can add several rxns together
- 82The enthalpy of formation is ----the energy it takes to form a compound from its individual elements
- 83electromagnetic radiationlight
- 84frequency is inHz
- 85wavelength is innm
- 86spectrumwavelengths emitted or absorbed
- 87Bohr's modelorbit model (mini solar system), quantized energies (electrons have specific energies), explains the spectrum for Hydrogen
- 88ground statewhen the atom is the lowest energy state with the electron in the lowest energy level
- 89excited statean energy state of an atom where the electrons aren't in the lowest energy levels
- 90Louis de Brogliematter has wave like properties which depend on its mass and velocity
- 91observable wavesonly very small objects have observable waves
- 92the uncertainty principlewe cannot determine the exact location of an electron
- 93xyz axis95% probability of finding the electron in this region
- 94size of atoms and ionsatomic radius increases as you go down a column and decreases from left to right
- 95ionic radiications are smaller than parent atoms, anions are larger than their parent atoms
- 96ionization energythe minimum energy required to remove the first electron from a neutral atom
- 97trends in ionization energytend to increase across a row and decrease down a column
- 98electron affinitythe energy change when an electron is added to a gaseous atom
- 99trends in electron affinitytends to be greater on the right side than the left
- 100metal trendsmetallic character decreases as you go from left to right, and increases as you go down a column
- 101malleablemoldable
- 102ductilecan be drawn into wires
Information
- Description
- Flashcards on Chemistry Unit 2, created by H Evans on 17/10/2022.
- Created by
- H Evans · Oct 2022
- Updated
- Oct 19, 2022
- Views
- 0
- Rating